HCS 212 TEST BANK 26

A typical adult kidney weighs about 150 grams and measures about ________.

A) 12 cm long, 6.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick

B) 10 cm long, 5.5 cm wide, and 3 cm thick

C) 15 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 4.5 cm thick

D) 8 cm long, 10.5 cm wide, and 2.5 cm thick

E) 12 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 8 cm thick

b

Ducts within each renal papilla empty urine into a cup-shaped drain, called a ________.

A) major calyx

B) minor calyx

C) renal medulla

D) renal pelvis

E) renal calyx

b

Which of the following are the blood vessels at the boundary of the renal cortex and renal medulla?

A) interlobar artery and vein

B) cortical radiate artery and vein

C) glomerular artery and vein

D) segmental artery and vein

E) arcuate artery and vein

e

Blood exits the nephron via ________.

A) efferent arteriole

B) renal artery

C) afferent arteriole

D) various venules

E) lobar artery

a

Blood enters the nephron via ________.

A) efferent arteriole

B) renal artery

C) afferent arteriole

D) various venules

E) lobar artery

c

Each kidney receives blood from (the) ________.

A) descending aorta

B) renal arteries

C) common iliac arteries

D) internal iliac arteries

E) celiac trunk

b

From innermost to outermost, the protective layers on the kidney are the ________.

A) fibrous capsule, perinephric fat, renal fascia, pararenal fat body

B) renal corpuscle, perinephric fat, renal fascia, paranephric fat

C) renal fascia, pararenal fat, renal corpuscle, perinephric fat

D) renal fascia, perinephric fat, fibrous capsule, renal corpuscle

E) fibrous capsule, renal corpuscle, renal fascia, perinephric fat

a

The kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters, which lie against the muscles of the posterior body wall, are all ________.

A) intraperitoneal

B) medial to the aorta

C) retroperitoneal

D) at the level between T10 and L1

E) at the level between C7 and T3

c

The kidneys are innervated by which of the following?

A) ureteric nerves

B) renal nerves

C) pelvic nerves

D) celiac plexus

E) sacral nerves

b

Which is/are the known function(s) of the sympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

A) stimulation of digestive function

B) regulates glomerular blood flow and filtration rates

C) inhibition of water reabsorption

D) inhibition of sodium ion reabsorption

E) stimulation of oxytocin

b

Which of the following statements regarding the glomerulus is correct?

A) It is a portion of the proximal convoluted tubule.

B) It is a capillary network contained within the renal corpuscle.

C) It occurs in the nephron loop.

D) It filters urine just prior to its exit from the kidney.

E) It empties directly into the interlobar veins.

b

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from other capillary networks in the body because they ________.

A) carry only deoxygenated blood

B) drain into an arteriole rather than a venule

C) contain no endothelium

D) absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule

E) drain into a venule rather than an arteriole

b

Describe the composition of the filtrate that escapes from the glomerular capillaries.

A) composition similar to that of plasma

B) composition similar to that of whole blood

C) a fluid similar to plasma, but without the blood proteins

D) water only

E) equal to the composition of the urine arriving at the renal pelvis

c

Which is the first part of the renal tubule?

A) nephron loop

B) proximal convoluted tubule

C) glomerular capsule

D) glomerulus

E) distal convoluted tubule

b

What is the function of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron?

A) active secretion of ions, acids, and other materials

B) selective reabsorption of potassium ions from the filtrate

C) active alkaline secretion

D) reabsorption of urine

E) filtration of blood

a

Which of the following drains into a minor calyx in the renal pelvis?

A) papillary duct

B) collecting duct

C) proximal convoluted tubule

D) renal corpuscle

E) distal convoluted tubule

a

About 85 percent of the nephrons are classified as which of the following?

A) juxtamedullary

B) medullary

C) cortical

D) renal

E) papillary

c

Which structure separates the parietal and visceral epithelia of the glomerular capsule?

A) renal column

B) vascular pole

C) lobar space

D) capsular space

E) renal papilla

d

The capillaries of the glomerulus are ________.

A) sinusoidal

B) fenestrated

C) continuous

D) metarterioles

E) venules

b

Which of the following are cells found between the endothelial cells of adjacent capillaries that play a role in regulating glomerular blood flow and filtration?

A) filtration slits

B) mesangial cells

C) podocytes

D) fenestrated cells

E) pyramidal cells

b

Which of the following are described as the gaps between the secondary processes of the podocytes?

A) urachus

B) glomeruli

C) filtration slits

D) convoluted tubules

E) renal papillae

c

The glomerular capsule and the glomerulus make up the ________.

A) juxtaglomerular complex

B) renal pyramid

C) renal corpuscle

D) nephron loop

E) renal papilla

c

The proximal convoluted tubule begins at the ________ of the renal corpuscle, opposite the vascular pole.

A) distal convoluted tubule

B) tubular pole

C) ureters

D) glomerulus

E) nephron loop

b

Which area of the nephron lacks microvilli and is under aldosterone control for the reabsorption of sodium?

A) nephron loop

B) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

C) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

D) papillary duct

E) glomerulus

c

What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?

A) providing support to the nephron

B) secretion

C) filtration

D) increased retention of sodium ions

E) production of vasopressin

b

The secondary function of the distal convoluted tubule (DCT) to reabsorb sodium is controlled by which hormone(s)?

A) aldosterone

B) antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

C) renin

D) cortisol

E) aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

a

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) controls the permeability of the ________.

A) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

B) collecting system

C) nephron loop

D) glomerulus

E) trigone

b

An obstruction in the glomerulus would increase the blood pressure in the ________.

A) afferent arteriole

B) renal artery

C) efferent arteriole

D) intralobular artery

E) lobular vein

a

The juxtaglomerular complex adjusts glomerular filtration rates by secretion of which hormones?

A) vasopressin and erythropoietin

B) oxytocin and vasopressin

C) renin and erythropoietin

D) gastrin and insulin

E) glucagon and renin

c

Individual collecting tubules connect each nephron to which nearby structure?

A) proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

B) ascending limb

C) collecting duct

D) descending limb

E) distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

c

About how much blood flows through the kidneys each minute?

A) 800 ml

B) 1200 ml

C) 1500 ml

D) 2000 ml

E) 3000 ml

b

Adipose tissue that surrounds the fibrous capsule is called the ________.

A) renal cortex

B) perinephric fat

C) renal medulla

D) pararenal fat body

E) renal pyramid

b

The entry point for the renal artery and the exit for the renal vein and ureter is the ________.

A) renal sinus

B) minor calyx

C) collecting duct

D) hilum

E) major calyx

d

The renal medulla consists of six to eighteen distinct conical or triangular structures, called ________.

A) collecting ducts

B) proximal convoluted tubules

C) renal pyramids

D) distal convoluted tubules

E) minor calices

c

The glomerular epithelium consists of large cells with secondary processes or "feet" that wrap around the glomerular capillaries. These cells are called ________.

A) podocytes

B) mesangial cells

C) juxtaglomerular cells

D) detrusor cells

E) fenestrated capillary cells

a

Which layer is not found in the wall of the ureter?

A) adventitia

B) muscular layer

C) mucosa

D) submucosa

E) All of these are found in the wall of the ureter.

d

The ureters ________.

A) are retroperitoneal

B) float freely within the abdominal cavity

C) take exactly the same path to the bladder in men and women

D) have specialized subdivisions called the urethrae

E) function in reabsorption of sodium ions

a

Which is the correct order of the structures of the male urethra, from the bladder to the exterior?

(1) collecting duct

(2) spongy urethra

(3) descending limb

(4) membranous urethra

(5) prostatic urethra

A) 1, 3, 5

B) 2, 4

C) 4, 2, 1

D) 5, 4, 2

E) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

d

The three layers of the muscular layer of the urinary bladder are collectively known as which of the following?

A) external urethral sphincter

B) trigone

C) ductus deferens

D) internal urethral sphincter

E) detrusor muscle

e

The external urethral sphincter of the urinary bladder is under the voluntary control of the perineal branch of which nerve?

A) iliohypogastric nerve

B) pudendal nerve

C) ilioinguinal nerve

D) testicular or ovarian nerve

E) urethral nerve

b

Which muscle is responsible for stopping the micturition reflex and allowing a person to stop voiding?

A) internal urethral sphincter

B) detrusor muscle

C) external urethral sphincter

D) pectineus muscle

E) internal obturator muscle

c

Which layer of the urethra is thick and elastic?

A) adventitia

B) lamina propria

C) submucosa

D) serosa

E) muscularis externa

b

The urge to urinate first develops when the urinary bladder contains approximately how much urine?

A) 50 ml

B) 100 ml

C) 200 ml

D) 500 ml

E) 750 ml

c

The triangular area bounded by the urethral openings and the entrance to the urethra constitutes the ________.

A) external urethral sphincter

B) detrusor muscle

C) internal urethral sphincter

D) renal sinus

E) trigone

e

The inner mucosa of each ureter is lined by ________.

A) simple ciliated columnar epithelium

B) stratified columnar epithelium

C) simple cuboidal epithelium

D) transitional epithelium

E) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

d

The spongy urethra ________.

A) is found only in males

B) is the longest portion of the urethra

C) extends from the membranous urethra to the external urethral orifice

D) is lined proximally by transitional which changes to pseudostratified columnar epithelium and distally by stratified squamous epithelium

E) All choices are correct.

e

Age-related changes in the urinary system include ________.

A) an increase in the number of cortical nephrons

B) an increase in the overall amount of glomerular filtration

C) reduced sensitivity to ADH

D) greater reabsorption of water

E) increase in renal blood flow efficiency

c

Which is not one of the changes in the urinary system due to aging?

A) reduced blood flow to the kidneys

B) decrease in number of functional nephrons

C) decreased response to aldosterone and ADH

D) decreased glomerular filtration rate

E) gradual increase in kidney size due to fluid retention

e

The mechanism whereby benign enlargement of the prostate affects urinary function in older men may be due to which of the following?

A) compression of the membranous urethra

B) compression of the body of the bladder

C) compression of the opening of the ureters into the bladder

D) compression of the prostatic urethra

E) deterioration of the detrusor muscle

d

The ability to control micturition is often lost after a stroke, Alzheimer's disease, or other CNS problems affecting the cerebral cortex or ________.

A) hypothalamus

B) hippocampus

C) reticular activating system

D) pineal body

E) corpora quadrigemina

a

Collagen fibers extend outward from the inner fibrous capsule through the perinephric fat to a dense outer layer known as the renal fascia.

True

From the nephrons, blood enters a network of venules and small veins that converge on the interlobular veins.

True

The urine arriving at the renal pelvis is of the same composition as that of the filtrate produced at the renal corpuscle.

False

The ascending limb contains active transport mechanisms that pump sodium and chloride ions out of the tubular fluid.

True

Peritubular capillaries are associated with cortical nephrons, while vasa recta are associated with juxtamedullary nephrons.

True

The peritoneum covers the inferior surfaces of the urinary bladder; and several peritoneal folds assist in stabilizing its position.

False

The lateral umbilical ligaments, which pass along the sides of the bladder and also reach the umbilicus, are fibrous cords that contain the vestiges of the umbilical arteries that supplied blood to the placenta during embryonic and fetal development.

True

Regarding age-related changes in the urinary system, the total number of kidney nephrons drops by 75-85 percent between ages 25 and 85.

False

With age, the distal portions of the nephron and the entire collecting system become less responsive to antidiuretic hormone (ADH). As a result, urination becomes more frequent, and daily fluid requirements increase.

True