Bio 114 Exam 3 - University of Idaho

7 major lineages

Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta, Excavata, Plantea, Rhizaria, Alveolata, Strameolpila

Paraphyletic

Is a term used to describe a group of organisms that contain a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. (can be any size and systematic rank)

Algal bloom

The rapid growth of a population of algae

Primary producer

Organisms that can produce their own food through photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis. (plants/ phytoplankton)

Food chain

A linear sequence of organisms in an ecosystem. Describes how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem.

Endosymbiosis (primary)

symbiotic relationship (close and or long-term interaction) where one organism lives inside another - Protists engulf cyanobacteria and or eukaryote engulfs prokaryote

Endosymbiosis (secondary)

When living cells engulf another eukaryotic cell that has already undergone the first stage. (has happened often enough to lead to genetic diversity among the organisms on earth)

Nucular envelope

Membrane barrier that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells (made up of two lipid bilayer membranes, an inner nuclear membrane and out nuclear membrane and contains many different proteins that are involved in gene regulation)

Pseudopodia

Refers to the temporary projection of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. (arm like projections filled with cytoplasm)

Eukarya

Domain of all organisms whose cells have nuclei, including protists, plants, fungi, and animals

Synapomorphy

a shared, derived character, common between an ancestor and its descendants.

Protist

Eukaryotic, unicellular organism that is aquatic, microscopic, and has a nucleus. (Not considered plants, animals, or fungi) They are highly diverse and are highly organized

Algea

A large, diverse group of eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms. They are mostly aquatic and can be found in the sea, freshwater and moist situations on land.

Plankton

A diverse group of aquatic organisms that live in the water column. (If they are carried by tides, and currents, and cannot swim well enough to move against these forces)

Decomposer

An organisms that breaks down dead organic materials

Parasite

An organisms that lives on or in a host organisms and gets its food from or at the expense of its host

Flagella

Longer, one to either per cell, and just used for locomotion

Cilia

Shorter, many hundred per cell, hair-like, locomotion and movement of nutrients or substances

Life cycles

Is the series of changes an organisms undergoes during its lifetime. These changes include: Inception, Growth, Maturity, Reproduction.

Fertilization

Process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive cells join to form a new cell

Alternation of generations

Plants alternate between two different life stages, or generations, in their cycle (a haploid stage called gametophyte and a diploid stage called sporophyte)

Gametophyte

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces gametes, or sex cells.

Sporophyte

The stage in the life cycle of a plant in which the plant produces spores.

Haploid

An organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes.

Diploid

containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.

Spore

A reproductive cell with a hard, protective coating. (A cell that certain fungi, plants (moss, ferns), and bacteria produce.)

Gamete

A reproductive cell of an animal or plant. (eggs or sperm)

Ecosystem Services

the processes by which life-supporting resources such as clean water, timber, fisheries, and agricultural crops are produced

Green algae

Photosynthetic protists that include unicellular, colonial, and multicellular species with grass green chloroplasts; closely related to true plants.

Nonvascular plants

plant that absorbs water and other substances directly through its cells

Seedless vascular plants

Plants that have vascular tissue but reproduce by spores (ferns, club mosses, and horsetails)

Seed plants

plants that produce seeds for reproduction

Gymnosperms

A plant that produces seeds that are exposed rather than seeds enclosed in fruits

Vascular tissue

Plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body.

Seed

plant embryo and a food supply encased in a protective covering

Sporopollenin

Is a biopolymer that makes up the tough outer walls of spores and pollen grains

Sporangia

A sac-like structure in which spores are produced and stored. (can be found in many plants and fungi) and they can be single or multicellular

Cuticle

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that acts as an adaptation to prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants.

Stomata

Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move

Vessel Element

One of the cell types found in xylem (the water conducting tissue of the plant)

Lignin

complex polymer that hardens cell walls of some vascular tissues in plants

Gametangia

Organs or cells that produce gametes

Antheridia

saclike male reproductive organ found in fungi, mosses, ferns, and many other nonflowering plants

Archegonia

Female reproductive part of a nonvascular plant

Embryo

The early developmental stage of a multicellular organism that follows fertilization

Zygote

the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

Heterospory

the production of two distinct types of spores by different structures

Microsporangia

produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes

Megasporangium

Part of the female reproductive system in plants

Pollen

A fine dust that contains the sperm of seed-producing plants

Pollination

The transfer of pollen from male reproductive structures to female reproductive structures in plants

Flower

The reproductive structure of an angiosperm

angiosperm

A flowering plant which forms seeds inside a protective chamber called an ovary.

Stamen

Male part of the flower

Carpel

The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.

Ovary

A flower structure that encloses and protects ovules and seeds as they develop.

Petal

A modified leaf of a flowering plant; are the often colorful parts of a flower that advertise it to insects and other pollinators.

Nectar

sweet liquid in the middle of a flower. (bees and birds like it)

Fruit

a fruit is the mature

ovary of a flowering plant that is edible. It includes the ovary, the seed or seeds it encloses, and any parts associated with the ovary

Fisson

cell division that forms two genetically identical cells

Asorption

nutrients taken up through the plasma membrane

Mitosis (asexual)

cell division in which one cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells (genetically identical)

meiosis (sexual)

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms (genetically different)

Prokaryotes

All haploid (1 copy of chromosomes), binary fission)

Eukaryote

Complex (haploid & diploid phases), mitosis & meiosis

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