The Language of Medicine Chapter 7

Cali/o

Calic/o

Calyx (calix)

Ex: Caliectasis

Cyst/o

Urinary bladder

Glomerul/o

Glomerulus

Meat/o

Meatus

Nephr/o

Ren/o

Kidney

Pyel/o

Renal Pelvis

Trigon/o

Trigone (region of the bladder)

Ureter/o

Ureter

Urethr/o

Urethra

Vesic/o

Urinary bladder

Albumin/o

Albumin (a protein in the blood)

Azot/o

Nitrogen

Bacteri/o

Bacteria

Dips/o

Thirst

Ex: polydipsia

Kal/o

Potassium

Ex: hyperkalemia

Ket/o

Keton/o

Ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)

Lith/o

Stone

Ex: nephrolithiasis

Natr/o

Sodium

Noct/o

Night

Olig/o

Scanty

-poietin

Substance that forms

Ex: erythropoietin

Py/o

Pus

-tripsy

Crushing

Ur/o

Urine (urea)

Urin/o

Urine

-uria

Urination, urine condition

Ex: dysuria, anuria

Arteriole

Small artery

Calyx or Calix

Calyces or calices (plural) Cup like collecting region of the renal pelvis

Catheter

Tube for injecting or removing fluids

Cortex

Outer region of an organ; Renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney

Creatinine

Nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

Electrolyte

Chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

Erythropoietin

Hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow

Filtration

Process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter

Glomerular capsule

Enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus

Glomerulus

Glomeruli (plural) Tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

Hilum

Depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

Kidney

One of two bean shaped organs on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region; filters nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine

Meatus

Opening or canal

Medulla

Inner region of and organ; The renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney

Nephron

Combination of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration, reabsorption, and secretion take place in the kidney

Nitrogenous waste

Substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine

Potassium (K+)

An electrolyte regulated by the kidney so that a proper concentration is maintained within the blood

Reabsorption

Process whereby renal tubules return materials necessary to the body back into the blood stream

Renal artery

Blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney

Renal tubule

Microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration

Renal Vein

Blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart

Renin

Hormone secreted by the kidney; raises blood pressure

Sodium (Na+)

An electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys

Trigone

Triangular area in the urinary bladder

Urea

Major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

Ureter

One of two tubes leading away from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Urethra

Tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

Uric acid

Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine

Urinary bladder

Hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

Urination (voiding)

Process of expelling urine; also micturition

acetone

a type of ketone body

albuminuria

presence of albumin in urine

antidiuretic hormone

hormone from pituitary gland that acts on renal tubules to promote water reabsorption

anuria

failure of the kidneys to produce urine

arteriole

small artery

azotemia

abnormal elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

bacteriuria

bacteria in the urine (sign of a UTI)

calciferol

active from of Vitamin D secreted by the kidney

caliceal

relating to the calyx

caliectasis

dilation of the calices so that urine becomes backed up

calyx

cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis

catheter

tube for injecting or removing fluids

cortex

outer region of an organ

cortical

pertaining to the cortex

creatinine

nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

creatinine clearance

measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing creatinine from the blood

CT urography

x-ray images obtained using computed tomography show multiple cross-sectional and other views of the kidney

cystectomy

surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

cystoscopy

direct visual examination of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope

cystotomy

opening is made into the urinary bladder from the outside of the body

diabetes insipidus

antidiuretic hormone is not secreted, or there is a kidney resistance to it

diabetes mellitus

insulin is not secreted adequately, or tissues are resistant to its effects

diuresis

increased or excessive production of urine

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

edema

swelling caused by fluid in tissue spaces

electrolyte

chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water

enuresis

bed-wetting

erythropoietin

hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of RBCs by bone marrow

essential hypertension

high blood pressure that doesn't have a known secondary cause

filtration

process whereby some substances, but not all, pass through a filter

glomerular capsule

enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney

glomerulus

tiny ball of capillaries in the kidney

glycosuria

excess of sugar in the urine

hematuria

presence of blood in the urine

hemodialysis

artificial kidney machine receives waste-filled blood from the bloodstream, filters it through an artificial porous membrane, and returns the dialyzed blood to the body

hilum

depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave

hydronephrosis

excess fluid in kidney due to backup of urine

hyperkalemia

high levels of potassium in the blood

hyponatremia

low levels of sodium in the blood

interstitial nephritis

inflammation of the connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules

intravesical

within the bladder

ketonuria

the excretion of abnormally large amounts of ketone bodies in the urine