Intro Day 1

Tight junction

seals neighboring cells together like a ziplock bag

desmosomes

anchors adjacent cells together like velcro

gap junction

connects cells by hollow cylinders

phospholipid bilayer is made up of what 2 things

polar heads and fatty acid tails

5 functions of proteins

structure, communication, signaling, maintenance, identification

3 types of endocytosis

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis

facilitated diffusion

particles move from high to low concentration with the help of a transport protein

voltage gated channel

opens only when a membrane reaches a specific potential

ligand gated channels

open when a specific molecule (typically a neurotransmitter) binds

filtration

movement of water and small solutes through a membrane due to pressure gradient (greater pressure on one side of the membrane than the other pushes water through it)

osmosis

water moves from higher water (aka lower solute) concentration to lower water (aka higher solute concentration

hypertonic solutions

solution has a higher concentration of solute then cell

hypotonic solutions

solution has lower concentration of solute then cell

in active transport __Na move out of cell and __K move into cell

3; 2

list the types of movement through membranes

endocytosis, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, filtration, osmosis, active transport

4 basic tissue types

epithelial, connective, nervous, muscle

epithelial tissue functions

sheet of cells that covers a body surface, lines a body cavity, or forms glands; forms boundaries between diff environments

protection, absorption, secretion, ion transport, filtration

list the shapes and thicknesses of epithelial tissue

simple or stratified

squamous, cuboidal, or columnar

connective tissue main functions

protect, support, and bind together other tissues; storage of reserve fuel; transportation of substances

4 types of connective tissue

connective tissue proper (loose, dense regular, dense irregular), cartilage, bone, blood

loose connective tissue

adipose tissue

dense regular connective tissue

collagen fibers run parallel

dense irregular connective tissue

collagen fibers do not run parallel

elastic connective tissue

contains collagen and elastin fibers

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

hyaline cartilage

covers end of bones

elastic cartilage

provides stretch

fibrocartilage

found in intervertebral discs

cartilage info

withstands tension and compression; lacks nerve fibers and is avascular; primary cell type is chondroblasts

3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

smooth muscle tissue

lines wall of hollow organs; squeezes substances through those organs

glial cells

part of nervous system; supports, nourishes, and protect neurons

function of circulatory system

deliver oxygen and nutrients; remove carbon dioxide and waste

artery

carries blood away from the heart

vein

carries blood towards the heart

capillary

exchange of gases and nutrients

why does an artery have a thicker wall then a vein

because of pressure… the start of arteries are closer to the heart and need to withstand the pressure of the heart pumping blood through them

blood moves from ____ to _____ pressure

high to low

systolic pressure is ventricular ____________ and diastolic pressure is ventricular __________

contraction; relaxation

as cross sectional area increased, the velocity _______ and vice versa

decreases (because the velocity of blood is so slow in the capillaries, the cross sectional area is going to be way larger there)

velocity of blood flow is inversely proportional to cross sectional area (retype)

velocity of blood flow is inversely proportional to cross sectional area

vasodilation leads to increased or decreased blood flow

increased

vasoconstriction leads to increased or decreased blood flow

decreased

vasodilation/constriction is affected by what

sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous system, H concentration, O2 and CO2, hormones

blood info

type of connective tissue; transports O2, CO2, and nutrients; regulates temp, pH level, and fluid volumes

3 components of blood

plasma, buffy coat, hematocrit

plasma

55% of blood is made of this, it’s about 90% water but also contains proteins, nutrients, and hormones

buffy coat

made of white blood cells and platelets

what are the 3 formed elements of blood

platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells (make up 45% of blood)

platelets

small cell fragments that are helpful in coagulation; fragments of megakaryocytes; lifespan is 5-10 days; disc shaped with no nucleus

normal blood is made up of about __% hematocrit (RBCs)

40-50%

RBCs are also called what

erythrocytes

RBCs/Erythrocytes

biconcave shape to increase surface area; strong and flexible plasma membrane; no nucleus or other organelles; lifespan of 100-120 days; contains oxygen carrying protein hemoglobin

how many heme groups per hemoglobin

4 globin groups or polypeptide chains

hemoglobin transports __% of total CO2

23

white blood cells/leukocytes

defend against infectious diseases and foreign invaders; contain mitochondria and nuclei; majority have lifespan of several hours to days; grouped into granulocytes and agranulocytes

granulocytes

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

agranulocytes

monocytes, lymphocytes

monocytes

3-8% of white blood cells; nucleus is U shaped; development takes 2-3 days; lifespan is months long

function: develop into macrophages in tissues and to do phagocytosis to remove foreign invaders

eosinophils

make up 2-4% of white blood cells; nucleus bilobed; develops in 6-9 days; lifespan is 8-12 days

function: kills parasitic worms; destroys antigen-antibody complexes; inactivates some aspects of allergic response

basophils

0.5-1% of white blood cells; nucleus is lobed; develops in 3-7 days; lifespan is a few hours-days; associated with allergic reactions

function: release histamine and other allergic response mediators; contains heparin, an anticoagulant

lymphocytes

20-40% of white blood cells; T-cells and B-cells; nucleus is spherical or indented; develops in days to weeks; lifespan is hours to years

function: kills viruses, releases cytokines, produces antibodies; T-cells direct the attack; B-cells attack through antibodies

neutrophils

60-70% of white blood cells; nucleus is multilobed; develop in 6-9 days; lifespan is 6hrs to a few days

function: phagocytize bacteria, undergo chemotaxis

hematopoesis

production of blood cells

starts with stem cell is bone marrow, this proliferates and becomes blood cells through growth factors and other mediators and they do not divide any further after leaving the bone marrow

within hematopoesis hormones regulate cell production, list the hormones we discussed and what they effect

erythropoietin/EPO (RBCs); thrombopoietin (platelets); colony stimulating factors/CSF and interleukins (WBCs)