ch 12 and 13 study guide draft 2

Renaissance

"the rebirth" of classic antiquity in Italy between 1350 and 1550

esates

divisions of European society based on heredity and quality rather than wealth or economic standing, consists of those who pray (clergy), fight (nobility), workers (everyone else)

individualism

highlighting the unique traits of each human/person

secularism

a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance; focusing on material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things

humanism

intellectual movement in Italy that focused on the study of Greek and Roman Classics

civic humanism

an intellectual movement in the Italian renaissance that shared that humanists should play a role in the government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state

Neoplatonism

an intellectual movement about the synthesis of Christianity and the ideas of Platonism

hermeticism

an intellectual movement that taught that divinity is embodied in all aspects of nature

pantheism

a statement saying that all things in the universe equates to God

new monarchies

renaissance states; England, France, and Spain; rulers thrived greatly by reestablishing or extending centralized royal authority, suppressing the nobility, controlling the church, and insisting on the loyalty of all peoples living in their territories

nepotism

unqualified family members who were appointed to a certain political position

Petrarch (1304-1374)

the father of Italian renaissance Humanism, first to give thought that the Middle Ages was the dark ages, emphasized use of classic latin and using Cicero as a prose and Virgil for poetry

Charles VII of France (1422-1461)

est. royal army (cavalry and archers), granted the right by the estates general to levy the Taille, taxation on land or property

King Louis XI, the spider king (1461-1483)

made the taille permanent taxation leading to a regular source of income, not successful in overpowering the French nobility, created a base for the development of a strong monarchy

Differences between art from the Middle Ages and Renaissance art

Renaissance Art focused more on naturalism, individualism, and humans, includes lots of geometric perspective, persuading the audience of the reality of the object or event, includes complex movement
Medieval art did not include perspectives, not realistic, stiff, and not as vibrant colors

three factors that led to economic recovery during the late fifteenth century

Increased trade, Woolen Industries, and Banking

Black Death, Hundred Years' war, the great schism

What was the Renaissance an "age of recovery" from?

Machiavelli's political philosophy vs Erasmus (Christian humanist)

Machiavelli focused on the fact that a great leader should be feared more rather than loved and Erasmus focused on Christian Morals

importance of the invention of the printing press

helped express and spread the ideas of scholars, intellectuals, writers efficiently so they could become standardized

confession

one of the seven sacraments of the Catholic church, it provided for the forgiveness of one's sins

Catholic Reformation

the movement for the reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century; Council of Trent (1547) reaffirmed Catholic doctrine and beliefs, the Index of Forbidden books was established, stopped abusing indulgences but maintained the practices, the Jesuits (Society of Jesus) helped the sick and poor and provided education, the Roman Inquisition was established in 1542 to combat Protestantism (in their eyes, heresy)

justification

the primary doctrine of the Protestant Reformation, teaching that humans are not saved through good works but by the grace of God, bestowed freely through the sacrifice of Jesus (sola fide)

Huguenots

french calvinists

transubstantiation

a doctrine of the Roman Catholic Church that during the Eucharist, the substance of the bread and wine is miraculously transferred into the body and blood of Jesus

politiques

a group that emerged during the French Wars of Religion, they placed politics over religion and believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of the civil war

millenarianism

the belief that the end of the world is at hand and the kingdom of God is about to be established on Earth

Puritans

English Protestants inspired by Calvinist theology who wished to remove all traces of Catholicism from the church of England; no songs, paintings, no distractions and wanted white walls; "pure"

predestination

the belief, associated with Calvinism, that God as a consequence of his foreknowledge of all events, has predetermined those who be saved (the elect and those who will be damned; God chose a "predestined" path for you and has chosen your fate

pluralism

the practice of holding several church offices simultaneously; a problem of the late medieval church

Christian Humanism

main goal was the REFORM OF CHRISTIANITY; an intellectual movement in northern Europe that combined interests in the classics of the Italian Renaissance with an interest in the sources of early Christianity, including the New Testament and the writings of church fathers

Habsburg-Valois Wars

a rivalry between France (Francis I) and the Holy Roman empire (Charles V), fighting because of disputes over territories

Catholic practices

selling indulgences for money to go onto salvation, confession, baptism, the seven sacraments

Luther's Core Practices

faith and faith alone, the sole authority was the bible

political conflicts during the Reformation

Peasant's War

Diet of Worms (1521)

after Emporer Charles V was angry that Luther did not recant his beliefs, this made Martin Luther an outlaw in the empire, burned his works and captured Martin Luther, led to start of Lutheeranism

English Reformation

Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church to get a divorce and eventually a male heir.
Beliefs and practices remained largely the same as the Catholic Church, only difference was who is the head of the church. (Act of Supremacy -1534)
Henry VIII wrote The Defense of the Seven Sacraments in response to Luther.
Confiscated Catholic land and property as a result of the Act of Supremacy.
Church of England moved towards protestantism following Henry VIII’s death.

Eucharist: Zwingli vs Luther

Zwingli: interpreted figuratively and spiritually
Luther: interpreted literally

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Guise family convinced Catherine de Medici that a gathering of Huguenots was a threat, Convinced her son to get rid of Huguenots, 20000 Protestants were killed by Catholics

Spanish Armada of 1588

started with the revolt of the Netherlands where Philip II wanted to inherit his father's territories and advocate for Catholicism, so he tried to gain control of Netherlands and crush Calvinism, he upset the Calvinists who then rebelled and received support from Elizabeth of England (sent armies to help fight), Philip II sent out the Spanish Armada to deal with the power of Elizabeth and take over England, but they never made it so they failed

Peace of Augsburg 1555

end of religious war fares; formally acknowledged division of Christianity with Lutheranism granted equal legal standing with Catholicism

Machiavelli's the Prince

how to be a leader and do what ever is necessary to be an effective leader

themes of humanism

classic antiquity, secularism, individualism, nepotism, pantheism, naturalism, idealism, hermeticism

Council of Trent

apart of the Catholic/ Counter Reformation, reaffirmed the Catholic doctrine and they stood by their beliefs, established Roman inquisition, to fight against Protestantism (heresy)

Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire

Politically: wanted to maintain his dynasty's control over his enormous empire
Religiously: hoped to preserve the unity of the Catholic faith throughout his empire
he spent a lifetime accomplishing his goals, dealt with four problems: French, papacy, Turk's, and Germany's internal situation

Martin Luther

destroyed religious unity of the western Christendom, entered a monastic order of Augustinian Hermits, in Erfurt, Major concern = assurance of salvation; believed humans are saved through faith in the promises of God

John Calvin

ideas were similar to Lutheranism, he emphasized predestination, the absolute sovereignty of God (absolute power), Calvinism ideas became main Protestant idea/religion after Peace of Augsburg 1555

Henry VIII of England

requested annulment from Pope Clement VII who refused, went against Catholic Church and made himself head of the English Church, had six wives, killed them because they didn't meet his needs of producing a male heir

Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

they wanted religious unity to gain centralized authority, Inquisition (1478), they drove out Jews (1492) and Muslims (1502)

Erasmus (Christian humanist)

most influential Christian Humanist, formed and popularized the reform program of Christian Humanism, wrote The Priase of Folly (1509)

Thomas More (Christian humanist)

strong believer of civic humanism, known as a model of Christian Family life by his contemporaries, wrote the Utopia (1516):idealistic life and institutions, refused to acknowledge King Henry VIII as head of the Church of England->death

Vitruvian Man, Leonardo da Vinci, 1490

Characteristics of Art:
- Classicism: focusing on the classics of ancient Greece and Rome
- geometry
- factors that led to the Renaissance starting in the Italian peninsula (trade location, birthplace of classic antiquity)

“Council of Trouble”

Etching depicting the Dutch William Duke of Orange (right) and the Spanish Duke of Alva (left) who has come with his “Council of Troubles” to the rule the Netherlands for Philip II of Spain, 1573; Catholic unity, Challenges to monarchical authority

95 theses

Luther's explanation of the abuse of church in selling indulgences, his reaction to Pope Leo X selling to support financially; nailed to church door or sent to superior; translated and spread

Lutheranism

Salvation by faith and faith alone.
Bible was the ultimate authority.
95 Theses (1517) called out Catholic Church corruption and sale of indulgences.
Address to the Nobility of the German Nation (1520) - called on German princes to overthrow “Roman tyranny” a.k.a. - the Catholic Church.
The Babylonian Captivity of the Church - attacked the seven sacraments.
1521 - Diet of Worms (Luther refused to recant and officially broke with the Church.
1555 - Peace of Augsburg ended the Schmalkaldic Wars and allowed German Princes to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism.

Zwinglianism

Founded by Ulrich Zwingli in the Swiss Cantons.
Influenced by Luther’s 95 Theses
Agreed with Luther on almost everything but disagreed on the interpretation of the Eucharist. (Zwingli had a more figurative interpretation)
Got rid of all art, music, and dancing during church services. Focused on the Bible only.
Was injured, captured and killed in a war against Catholics in the Swiss Cantons.

calvinism

Founded by John Calvin (born in France but lived in Geneva, Switzerland)
Main ideas found in Institutes of the Christian Religion
Believed in predestination (people were either saved or damned at birth). Only a select few were saved.
Calvinism spread from Geneva to southern France (Huguenots), the Spanish Netherlands, and Scotland leading to the French Wars of Religion and the Dutch Revolt.
English Calvinists became known as Puritans and eventually fled England to Holland and the Americas.

Anabaptism

believed in adult baptism (people should not be forced into religion)
consisted of different types of anabaptists
viewed as radical by both Catholics and Protestants.
believed in separation of church and state

Schmalkadic League

An alliance of Protestant German states; fearful of Charles V's intentions after Peace of Augsburg, they created this defensive alliance. Vowed to assist each other when attacked.

Martin Luther, An Open Letter to The Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate, 1520

-abuses within the Catholic Church
-printing press + public sermons/debate = spread of ideas
-conflict between monarchs and nobles

Letter from Lorenzo de Medici to Pope Innocent VIII, 1489

-Machiavelli’s relationship with the Medici family and The Prince
-The “Renaissance Popes”: economic and political power

Henry IV, The Edict of Nantes, 1598

-Edict of Nantes was a response to what the French Wars of Religion
-religious tolerance
-How did Henry IV’s policies compared to Elizabeth I’s