IR Exam Again...

alliance

Institutions that help their members cooperate militarily in the event of a war

Balance of Power

A situation in which the military capabilities of two states or groups of states are roughly equal

Absolute Advantage

The ability of a country or firm to produce more of a particular good or service than other countries or firms can produce with the same amount of effort and resources.

Balancing

states equalize power against potential hegemons to prevent dominance

Bandwagoning

A strategy in which states join forces with the stronger side in a conflict

Collective Security Organizations

Broad-based institutions that promote peace and security among their members. Examples include the League of Nations and the United Nations

Comparative Advantage

The ability of a country or firm to produce a particular good or service more efficiently than it can produce other goods or services, such that its resources are most efficiently employed in this activity. The comparison is to the efficiency of other economic activities that the actor might undertake given all the products it can produce-not to the efficiency of other countries or firms. Compare absolute advantage.

Crimes against humanity

specific inhumane acts committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack directed against any civilian population, with knowledge of the attack. These acts can occur during armed conflict or peacetime, are often state-sponsored, and include murder, extermination, enslavement, torture, rape, or persecution.

Delegation

The degree to which third parties, such as courts, arbitrators, or mediators, are given authority to implement, interpret, and apply international legal rules; to resolve disputes over the rules; and to make additional rules.

Hecksher-Olin trade theory

The theory that a country will export goods that make intensive use of the factors of production in which it is well endowed. For example, a labor-rich country will export goods that make intensive use of labor.

Humanitarian intervention

Interventions designed to relieve humanitarian crisis stemming from civil conflicts or large-scale human rights abuses, including genocide

International Criminal Court (ICC)

A court of last resort for human rights cases that possesses jurisdiction only if the accused is a national of a state party, the crime took place on the territory of a state party, or the UN Security Council has referred the case to the prosecutor.

International law

A body of rules that binds third states and other agents in world politics and is considered to have the status of law

Laws of War

A body of rules that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict, protect non-combatants, and restrict means and methods of warfare for humanitarian reasons

League of Nations

A collective security organization founded in 1919 after World War 1. The League ended in 1946 and was replaced by the United Nations

Neo-mercantilism

A belief that national economic policy should encourage exports and discourage imports, and that the country should aim to run a trade surplus. So called in relation to the classical mercantilism of the colonial powers, which aimed at running trade surpluses with their colonies.

Nuclear Taboo

an international norm, largely developed since 1945, that stigmatizes and prohibits the use of nuclear weapons, deeming them morally abhorrent and illegitimate. It acts as a non-material constraint against nuclear use, separating them from conventional weapons and fostering a "tradition of non-use"

Obligation

The degree to which states are legally bound by an international rule. High ____ rules must be performed in good faith and, if breached, require reparations to the injured party.

Peace-enforcement operation

A military operation in which force is used to make and/or enfore peace among warring parties that have not agreed to end their fighting

Peacekeeping

An operation in which troops and observers are deployed to monitor a cease-fire or peace agreement.

Permanent five

The five permanent members of the UN security council: United states, Great Britain, France, Russia, and China

Precision

The degree to which international legal obligations are fully specified. More _____ rules narrow the scope for reasonable interpretation.

Protectionism

The imposition of barriers to restrict imports.

Reciprocity

In international trade relations, a mutual agreement to lower tariffs and other barriers to trade. Involves an implicit or explicit arrangement for one government to exchange trade-policy concessions with another.

Refugee

an individual forced to flee their country due to persecution, war, or violence, holding a well-founded fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group. They are unable or unwilling to return and require international protection

Tariff

A tax imposed on imports. raise the domestic price of the imported good and may be applied for the purpose of protecting domestic producers from foreign competition.

Trade barriers

Government limitations on the international exchange of goods. Examples include tariffs, quantitative restrictions (quotas), import licenses, requirements that governments buy only domestically produced goods, and health and safety standards that discriminate against foreign goods.

United Nations

A collective security organization founded in 1945 after World War II. With over 190 members, the UN includes all recognized states.

Weaponized Interdependence

the strategic use of globalized, interconnected networks (like financial systems or internet infrastructure) by powerful states to coerce others. By controlling key "hub" nodes, a state can exploit these dependencies