BIO 204 Unit 4 Vocab - Transcription/Translation

Gene

A __ is defined as the minimum DNA sequence required to specify a functional RNA or protein.

Primary transcript or pre-mRNA

A newly transcribed eukaryotic RNA that has not yet undergone splicing is referred to as the __.

Start codon

AUG

Isoforms

Alternative mature RNAs produced from the same primary transcript are referred to as __.

TATA

Approximately 20% of eukaryotic promoters have a conserved sequence referred to as the __ box.

Silent mutations

Changes in DNA sequence that don t lead to a change in amino acid sequence are referred to as __.

Nonsense mutations

Changes in DNA sequence that lead to a premature stop codon in the mRNA are referred to as __.

Missense mutations

Changes in DNA sequence that lead to the incorporation of an incorrect amino acid are referred to as __.

Operons

Coordinately regulated sets of prokaryotic genes are localized within __.

C-terminal domain

Domain of RNA Polymerase that is heavily phosphorylated.

C-terminal Domain

Domain of RNA Polymerase that serves as a binding site for numerous proteins involved in processing/modifying newly synthesized RNA.

Release Factors

During translation, when the stop codon is situated at the A site of the ribosome, __ bind the codon and stimulate the release of the polypeptide and dissociation of the ribosome/mRNA/tRNA complex.

Methyl guanine cap

Eukaryotic RNAs are modified following transcription, one of these modifications is addition of a __ at the 5 end of the RNA.

Monocistronic

Eukaryotic genes are transcribed as a __ messenger RNA that contains coding sequence for a single protein (or its isoforms).

Alternative splicing

Eukaryotic genes can specify different protein products due to the existence of __.

Ribozymes

Functional RNA molecules with enzymatic activity are referred to as __.

TFIID/TBP

General transcription factor complex that binds to the promoter and recruits RNA Polymerase.

TFIIH

General transcription factor complex that unwinds DNA at the promoter and phosphorylates the RNA Polymerase C-terminal domain.

Polycistronic

Genes in prokaryotic operons are transcribed as a single, __ messenger RNA that contains the coding sequence of multiple proteins.

Frameshift mutations

Insertions and deletions in a DNA sequence that disrupt the reading frame of the mRNA and thus the protein sequence are called __.

5' and 3' Untranslated Regions

Mature messenger RNAs contain sequences within them that do not code for amino acids, these are referred to as the __.

Stop Codon

One of three nucleotide triplets that terminate translation.

Signal sequence

Proteins that are destined for the plasma membrane or for secretion are recognized shortly after translation starts and moved to the rough ER for completion of translation by virtue of a short amino acid sequence called the __.

Signal sequence

Proteins that are destined for the plasma membrane or for secretion are recognized shortly after translation starts and moved to the rough ER for completion of translation by virtue of a short amino acid sequence called the __.

5 Methyl Guanine Cap; Poly A tail

The __ and __ are modifications of a newly transcribed RNA molecule that protect against degradation.

Poly A tail

The __ is a modification of the primary RNA transcript (or pre-mRNA) that is added to the 3 end.

Reading Frame

The __ refers to which sets of three nucleotides will be read as codons during translation and is specified by the start codon AUG.

Small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA)

The class of RNA localized to the nucleolus and involved with ribosome assembly is __.

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

The class of RNA that decodes the nucleotide sequence of messenger RNA and delivers the correct amino acids specified by that code is __.

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

The class of RNA that is the catalytic component of the ribosome is __.

The class of RNA that is thought to be the catalytic component of the spliceosome is __.

Small nuclear RNA (snRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

The class of RNA that specifies the sequence of a protein is referred to as __.

RNA Polymerase

The enzyme (complex) that is responsible for the synthesis of RNA, using DNA as a template for the sequence of that RNA is __.

Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase

The enzymes that correctly pair each tRNA molecule with its cognate amino acid are called __.

Promoter

The gene sequence where the complex containing RNA Polymerase assembles to initiate transcription is the __.

Transcriptional start site

The nucleotide of a gene that specifies the initial ribonucleotide in the transcribed RNA represents the __.

Spliceosome

The protein/RNA complex that catalyzes splicing of an RNA molecule is referred to as the __.

Ribosome

The protein/RNA complex that serves as the site of catalysis for the synthesis of proteins is the __.

Signal Recognition Particles

The proteins that recognize the signal sequence of polypeptides during translation and cause the entire ribosome complex to translocate to the rough ER for completion of translation are called __.

Exons

The regions of a primary RNA transcript that are retained in the fully mature mRNA are called __.

Introns

The regions of a primary RNA transcript that are spliced out of the fully mature mRNA are called __.

Template

The strand of DNA read by RNA Polymerase to determine the sequence of a newly synthesized RNA is the __ strand.

Non-template strand

The strand of DNA with a sequence identical to that of the RNA transcribed (except for the substitution of Uracil for Thymine) is the __ strand.

Ribozymes

The term given to functional RNA molecules with catalytic activity is __.

Codon; Anticodon

The three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that specifies an amino acid is called a __, whereas the corresponding complementary sequence in tRNA is the __.

Elongation Factors

These proteins are involved with various steps associated with ongoing translation by the ribosome, including bringing tRNAs to the complex, and moving the mRNA through the ribosome.

Initiation Factors

These proteins associate with the small ribosomal subunit and play important roles in beginning the process of translation.

E, P, A

Within the ribosome, the __ site serves as the exit site for uncharged tRNAs, the __ site is the site where the tRNA holding a newly synthesized polypeptide (or the initiator tRNA) sits, and the __ site is where incoming tRNAs charged with the next amino acid in the polypeptide chain enter the ribosome.