Solid Tumor Malignancies

What is the purpose of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)?

To determine response to colon cancer treatment and identify recurrence.

What does the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) indicate in lung cancer?

Whether targeted drug therapy is appropriate.

What role do estrogen and progesterone receptors (ER/PR) play in breast cancer treatment?

They determine if hormonal drug therapy is appropriate.

What is the significance of the HER2/neu receptor in breast cancer?

It determines if targeted drug therapy is appropriate.

What is the purpose of KRAS mutation testing in colon cancer?

To determine if targeted drug therapy is appropriate.

What percentage of chronic cigarette smokers develop lung cancer?

Less than 20%.

From what type of cells do lung carcinomas arise?

Normal bronchial epithelial cells.

What is a common cause of genetic lesions leading to lung cancer?

Carcinogens.

What is the biggest risk factor for developing lung cancer?

Cigarette smoking.

What happens to the risk of lung cancer after quitting smoking for more than 5 years?

The risk gradually decreases.

What are some occupational respiratory carcinogens?

Asbestos, rubber manufacturing, paving, roofing, painting, chimney sweeping.

What are common local symptoms of lung cancer?

Cough, purulent sputum, dyspnea, wheezing, hoarseness.

What does SIADH stand for in relation to paraneoplastic syndromes?

Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone.

What type of imaging studies are used in the lung cancer diagnostic workup?

Chest x-ray and CT scans.

What is the common histology subtype of non-small cell lung cancer?

Adenocarcinoma.

What is the staging classification for small cell lung cancer?

Limited stage and extended stage.

What are the major metastatic sites for lung cancer?

Adrenal glands, brain, bone, liver.

What is a key screening recommendation for individuals at increased risk for lung cancer?

Annual surveillance with low-dose CT scan.

What are modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer?

High-fat diet, obesity, excessive alcohol intake, chronic tobacco use.

What is the recommended age to begin screening for colorectal cancer in average-risk individuals?

45 years of age.

What screening test is done annually for colorectal cancer?

Fecal immunochemical test (FIT).

How often should flexible sigmoidoscopy be performed?

Every 5 years.

What is the recommended stool testing for colorectal cancer?

Guaiac-based fecal occult blood test (gFOBT).

What increases the risk for colorectal cancer based on personal history?

Personal history of colorectal polyps and chronic inflammatory bowel diseases.

What is familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)?

A genetic predisposition that significantly increases the risk for colon cancer.

What symptoms are associated with metastatic colorectal cancer?

Symptoms consistent with organ involvement (e.g., right upper quadrant pain for liver metastasis).

What do the signs and symptoms of early colorectal cancer often present as?

Change in bowel habits, melena or rectal bleeding.

What is one diagnostic approach for colorectal cancer?

Colonoscopy.

What does carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) indicate in colorectal cancer diagnosis?

It serves as a tumor marker.

What is the significance of KRAS testing in colorectal cancer?

It helps in the identification of mutations in the biopsy sample.

What lifestyle change can reduce the risk of lung cancer over time?

Cessation of smoking.

What lifestyle factors can modify the risk for colorectal cancer?

Dietary choices, exercise, and weight management.

What is the relationship between tobacco use and lung cancer risk?

Risk increases with the quantity and duration of cigarette consumption.

What is the purpose of tumor markers in cancer treatment?

To guide treatment decisions and monitor disease progression.

What are some common systemic symptoms of lung cancer?

Anorexia and unexplained weight loss.

What is the impact of chronic inflammation on lung cancer development?

It leads to cytogenetic changes and malignancy.

What is the relevance of a first-degree relative with lung cancer?

It indicates a genetic predisposition to developing lung cancer.