Anatomy Study Guide #10-18

What are the 4 components of blood?

RBCs, WBCs, plasma, and platelets

What percent of a hematocrit is made of plasma?

55%

What percent of a hematocrit is made of RBCs?

44%

What percent of a hematocrit is the buffy coat?

About 2%

What are RBCs AKA?

Erythrocytes

Role of RBCs:

To carry oxygen to cells and CO2 out of the body

What is the protein in RBCs called that allows it to carry oxygen?

Hemoglobin

What are the 2 organelles that RBCs do not have?

A nucleus and mitochondria

3 roles of WBCs:

Warding off pathogens, destroying cancerous cells, neutralizing toxins

What percent of the blood is WBCs?

Less than 1%

Do WBCs have a fixed shape and what does this allow for?

No fixed shape to allow them to change form

What are the 5 types of WBCs?

Neutrophyls, leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophyls, basophyls

What do agranulocytes have?

Adaptive/specific immunity

What do granulocytes have?

Innate immunity

What are the two agranulocytes?

Monocytes and lymphocytes

What are the 3 granulocytes?

Neutrophyls, basophyls, eosinophyls

What percent of the blood is platelets?

Less than 1%

What is the role of platelets?

To form scabs and stop bleeding

Where are WBCs, RBCs, and platelets made?

In the bone marrow

What are platelets AKA?

Thrombocytes

What is the role of plasma?

To carry RBCs, WBCs, and platelets around the body

What percent of plasma is water?

90-92%

What are the 6 components of plasma?

Water, proteins, electrolytes, nutrients, hormones, antibodies

What cells break off pieces of themselves to produce platelts?

Megakaryocytes

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

B-cells, t-cells, and NK cells

What do B-cells do?

Provide humoral immunity by recognizing pathogens and producing antibodies to stop them

What to T cells do?

Destory cancer cells and prevent auto-immune reactions

Where do T cells mature?

In the thymus

What do NK cells do?

Kill viruses/cancer cells without recognition

What is the first WBC to arrive in an inflamation response?

Neutrophyls

What do neutrophyls do in an inflamation response?

Release enzymes to kill all bacteria/pathogens

Extravasation:

Process where WBCs migrate from bloodstream to damaged tissue

Diapedesis:

Final phase of extravasation where the WBC squeezes out of the capilary endothelium

What are the 5 stages of extravasation from beginning to end?

Floating, capure rolling, adhesion, crawling, diapedesis

What is the term for when platelets clump together?

Agregating

What are the 2 ways platelets are activated?

By mechanical changes in the body or by chemicals released at the site of injury

What are primary lympoid organs the site of?

Lympocyte production and maturation

What are the 2 primary lymph organs?

The thymus and bone marrow

Where does the thimus sit in the body?

Anterior to the heart and deep to the sternum

How many lobes does the thymus have?

2

When is the thymus most active?

During childhood

What happens to the thymus as a person ages?

It is replaced by fat

What is the primary job of the thymus?

To produce mature T cells

What are the 2 hormones the thymus secretes?

Thymosin and thymulin

What is lymphedema?

Any blockage or removal of the lymphatic vessels/nodes which causes the body to swell

What is primary lympedema?

Lympedema that is due to hyper/hypo/aplasia of the vessels

What is secondary lymphedema?

Lymphedema caused by damage to the vessels/nodes of the lymph system from surgery, injury, or disease

How can having your pharyngeal tonsils make you more likely to get sick?

The crypts of the tonsils can hold onto bacteria causing infection

What virus causes mononucleosis?

The epstein barr virus

What does the cysterna chyli do?

Drains lymph, absorbs fat from the intestines, and acts as the origin for the thoracic duct

What does the lymphatic duct drain from?

The right side of the head, neck, and upper body

What does the thoracic duct drain from?

The left side of the head, neck, upper body, and all of the lower body

What is the most common type of endocrine system stimuli?

Hormonal stimuli

What is hormonal stimuli?

Where the release of hormones from one gland triggers another gland to release its hormones

How is hormonal stimuli terminated?

Through a negative feedback loop