exam 3 codon - biol 383

Which of the following mechanisms initiates the milk let-down (ejection) reflex?

stimulation of tactile receptors in the nipple by the infant's mouth

Which event of the ovarian cycle occurs immediately after a surge in LH levels?

ovulation

In which urinary system structure is urine formed?

kidney

Jordan is 59 years old and is suffering from nephrolithiasis (kidney stones). Kidney stones are solid crystal salts that form in the kidney over time. While she was fortunate that her physician could use ultrasound to break up the stones, she still needs to excrete them from her body. If a kidney stone is currently in a major calyx, where would it go next as it is being excreted from her body?

renal pelvis

Which of the following correctly lists the correct order of urine through and leaving the kidney?

renal papilla, minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis, ureter

Which direction does a solute move if it is secreted?

from the blood to the nephron

Which of the following statements about nephron functions is false?

reabsorption occurs in the descending nephron loop and secretion occurs in the ascending loop

Suppose that the macula densa cells have detected a decrease in blood pressure in the glomerulus. What will occur immediately next?

juxtaglomerular cells will secrete renin

Which urinary system structure transports urine from the bladder to exiting the body?

urethra

Under which of the following conditions will filtration occur?

NFP>0

Suppose that the descending limb of the nephron loop was altered such that it was now permeable to sodium and chloride ions. How would this affect the countercurrent multiplier?

less water reabsorption from the descending limb would occur, there would be a lower osmolarity gradient, and less concentrated urine would be produced

Which one of the following activities promotes water reabsorption from the descending limb of the nephron loop?

active transport of sodium and chloride ions out of the ascending limb

Which of the following statements about the nephron loop is false?

the descending limb and ascending limb are both permeable to water

Which of the following would occur to attempt to restore homeostasis after a sudden drop in blood sodium levels (hyponatremia)?

increase in aldosterone secretion

Which type of tissue lines the lumen of the vagina?

stratified squamous epithelium

Which of the following is the most external layer of the kidney that is made of dense connective tissue and attaches the kidney to surrounding structures?

renal fascia

Consider a single nephron and assume that if mass enters the nephron it is given a positive value and if mass exits the nephron it is given a negative value. Which of the following equations best summarizes the transfer of mass in and out of a nephron?

filtration - reabsorption + secretion - excretion = 0

Which of the following is the main function of the collecting duct?

water reabsorption

Lasix is a drug used to treat kidney issues by preventing solute reabsorption in the ascending nephron. What medical condition would Lasix be used to treat and why?

lasix is used to treat high blood pressure because preventing solute reabsorption in the ascending nephron loop helps retain water in the filtrate and thus increases the volume of urine that is excreted, thereby reducing blood volume and blood pressure

Which region(s) of the nephron does ADH act on?

distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct only

Which of the following female structures is most closely related to the male bulbourethral glands?

greater vestibular glands

Researchers assessed folliculogenesis in female ducks by giving them a synthetic form of GnRH. Ducks were given varying amounts of the synthetic GnRH and circulating levels of progesterone (P) were measured as shown in the table. Which hypothesis is supported by the data?

GnRH promotes corpus luteum formation

Which of the following correctly lists the order of events that occur during the ovarian cycle?

tertiary follicle development, rise in LH and FSH levels, ovulation, corpus luteum formation, rise in progesterone levels, corpus albicans formation

Which hormone stimulate milk ejection during lactation?

oxytocin

Condoms are used to cover the penis to prevent fertilization from occuring during sexual intercourse. If a condom is effective, which cell type(s) would be unable to form during oogenesis?

mature ovum and a polar body

Levonorgestrel, sold under the trade name Plan B, is an emergency contraceptive pill that acts to prevent pregnancy by preventing or delaying ovulation from occurring. Which of the following could be the mechanism of action of levonorgestrel?

increases progesterone levels

Which of the following statements about the ovarian and uterine cycles is false?

the menstrual phase occurs due to a rise in estrogen and progesterone levels

Which type of feedback loop dominates during labor?

positive

Which type of tissue lines the lumen of the ductus deferens?

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Elephants, unlike humans, have internal testes that never descend outside of the body. Which of the following structures would likely still play a major role in testes function and protection?

tunica albuginea

Which male accessory gland secretes a milky alkaline fluid with clotting enzymes?

prostate gland

Which molecule is released by neurons to stimulate erection to occur?

nitric oxide

Which statement about the roles of the nervous system in the male sexual response is false?

the sympathetic nervous system triggers arousal to occur

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of labor and delivery?

dilation, expulsion, placental

Which of the following statements about male hormones is false?

FSH stimulates interstitial cells to produce sperm

Which of the following organs is found in both the male and female reproductive systems?

urethra

Which of the following organs collects oocytes from the ovaries?

uterine tube

During which stage of development does the spinal cord begin to form?

neurulation

At which point during fertilization is the zygote formed?

during amphimixis

Which statement about gastrulation is false?

gastrulation results in the formation of the placenta

During which stage of development do muscles begin to develop?

organogenesis

Which of the following changes in both males and females during puberty?

increased sexual response

An oophorectomy is a surgical procedure used to remove the organ where egg production occurs. Which organ is removed in an oophorectomy?

ovary

Which of the following correctly lists the major events that occur during early development?

fertilization, cleavage, implantation, gastrulation, organogenesis

In vitro fertilization is an assisted reproductive technology to help couples become pregnant if they are unable to do so naturally. In this procedure, oocytes are removed from a female's ovaries and fertilized in a petri dish with the male's sperm. The zygote is then allowed to develop until the blastocyst stage at which point it is surgically implanted into the female's uterus. Which process occurred to produce the blastocyst in vitro?

cleavage

Which germ layer does the integument derive from?

ectoderm

Which hormone is released by the placenta to directly maintain the integrity of the maternal uterine lining during pregnancy?

progesterone

Which anatomical change that occurs during male puberty causes deepening of the voice?

lengthening of the larynx

Which of the following correctly lists the order of the stages of life?

neonatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood

Which of the following correctly lists the order of urine transport through the urinary system?

kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), otherwise known as ecstasy, is an illegal drug that causes altered sensations and other neurological impairments. Ecstasy also acts as an antidiuretic. Which of the following would occur in someone who takes ecstasy and drinks a lot of water?

ADH would not be released as they would excrete small amounts of concentrated urine

Suppose a patient has a BCOP of 28 mmHg and a CHP of 12 mmHg. Select the minimum GHP which will ensure that filtration occurs from the glomerulus to the glomerular capsule.

41 mmHg

How does osmolarity change along the length of the renal medulla moving superficial to deep?

osmolarity increases

About-to-be new parents Rochelle and Jackson are ready to welcome their new child to the world! But first the fetus needs to be delivered. Which is the correct order of structures that the fetus will pass through as it exits the uterus?

uterine cavity, internal os, cervical canal, external os, cervix

Which of the following structures is most posterior?

vagina

Which of the following statements about oogenesis is false?

oogenesis proceeds uninterrupted starting in puberty

Which of the following statements about folliculogenesis is false?

the corona radiata is a protective structure around primary oocytes

A sperm cell is currently in the ejaculation duct. Where will it immediately go next?

prostatic urethra

Hypotonic seminal vesicles is a medical disorder that can be caused by diabetes mellitus in which nerve conduction to the seminal vesicles is impacted and results in a decrease in seminal fluid production and possible infertility. Which component would be in reduced quantities in the semen of a male affected by hypotonic seminal vesicles?

fructose

A circumcision is a medical procedure when the fold of integument that covers the proximal end of the penis is surgically removed. Which structure is removed in a circumcision?

prepuce

Which of the following correctly lists the stages of the male sexual response?

arousal, emission, ejaculation

Which of the following statements about spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis is false?

spermiogenesis is the complete process that results in sperm production

Soren is 31 years old and is suffering from low sperm count (oligospermia). Assuming he has normal hormone levels of the major male reproductive hormones, which of the following could be a mechanism of action used to increase his sperm production?

decrease in inhibin secretion

Which of the following hormones follows a negative feedback pathway and acts on the hypothalamus?

testosterone

Which of the following best describes the function of the testes?

the testes produces sperm and testosterone

During which stage of development does hair formation take place?

fetal period

Which statement about postnatal development is false?

muscle mass increases equally in males and females during puberty

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