Chapter 28: Roman Palestine after Herod the Great

Chapter 28

Roman Palestine after Herod the Great

The Division of Herod’s Kingdom among His Sons (4 BCE-39 CE)

After the death of Herod the Great in 4 BCE, the Romans divided his kingdom into three separate political jurisdictions, each ruled by whom? These rulers were not given what title? Archelaus was given what areas to rule?

They were ruled by his three sons they were not Kings are glius rule Judea Idumea and Samaria

Archelaus proved to be what kind of ruler? When the Jerusalem aristocracy sent a delegation to Rome complaining about Archelaus, what did the Romans do with him? …and made Judea into a province directly govern by whom?

he was ineffective and cruel so the Romans banished him to Gall / France made Judea annexed and governed by a Roman prefect

Philip was given territories located where (with respect to Herod’s former kingdom)? Philip’s tetrarchy was largely inhabited by whom? What was the name of Philip’s new capital he built with an imperial shrine?

his territories are in the northeast of herod's kingdom and it was inhabited by gentiles his Capital was caesarea Philippi

Antipas ruled over what areas? …and had a significant impact on the Galilee region in which who grew up and ministered?

he ruled over Galilee and perea and had a significant impact on Jesus

What did Antipas begin to do in Galilee (in the same way that his father Herod had done in Judea)? What was the name of Antipas’s new capital he built? …which was located about six kilometers north of what small hamlet?

He began to romanize his new capital was Severus 6 km north of Nazareth

What was the name of Antipas’s second capital on the west shore of the Sea of Galilee? Evidence suggests that the Jewish inhabitants of Antipas’s two cities spoke what language? …and showed proclivities for what? …while they retained their what?

his second capital on the West Shore of the Sea of Galilee was Tiberius speaking Greek proclivities for Greco-Roman culture retaining Jewish religious identities

Although Antipas’s two wealthy and Romanized cities had a large impact on the region, according to the Gospel accounts Jesus spent most of his time and ministry in what kind of places? …such as?

Jesus spent his time in smaller less prosperous Galilee and Villages like Capernaum and chorizine

Antipas is also known from his involvement in whose death? …which eventually led to what? Antipas was originally married to whom? (…the daughter of whom? …who was buried where?)

and to passive known in the death of John the Baptist leading to his downfall and if this was originally married to a nabatin princess daughter of King arrettes Ivy buried at the treasury in Petra

Antipas fell in love with whom? She agreed to leave her husband, if Antipas would do what? …Eventually she persuaded Antipas to aggressively seek what? What did the Roman emperor Gaius Caligula do in response? Why?

octopus fell in love with herodias the wife of his half brother Phillip she would leave her husband if you would divorce the nabatin wife and persuaded and opposed to seek the title of King guys Caligula deposed him because he thought this was in a conspiracy against

Galilean Village Life

According to the New Testament Gospels, where did Jesus spend most of his Galilean ministry? …such as? What are some of the things that the Galilean villages had? …and what are some things they did not have?

Galion Ministry was in small fishing and agricultural villages in like copernium they had a modest undecorated homes on pave streets no public buildings or bathing sewage

What was family life like in the villages? What did they eat and drink? What language did they speak in the villages? What was different about life in the larger cities of the region? What language did they speak in the cities?

they had extended family sharing a courtyard for pulled resources simple meals of bread and olives soups and thin stews wine they spoke Aramaic and the larger cities were modern and Greek and Roman architectural styles

Herod Antipas and the Death of John the Baptist

Both the New Testament Gospels and the writings of Josephus record that Antipas executed whom? What was Antipas’s motivation for doing this according to the Gospel accounts? …according to Josephus’s report?

and to post executed John the Baptist he was persuaded by herodias and her daughter for John the Baptist condemning the marriage and josefa said he did it because he feared John the Baptist growing influence

According to the report of Josephus, this execution took place in what region? …in what city? …in what structure?

the execution took place in the palace Fortress of macarius in Korea

Roman Prefects of Judea, Samaria, and Idumea (6-41 CE)

Following the removal of Archelaus, the Romans made his territories (Judea, Samaria, and Idumea) into what? …administered by whom? Prefects were given what three responsibilities? …but often left local affairs to be managed by whom?

after archaelius Romans made his territories into Roman provinces and ministered by prefix who needed to keep the peace supervised tax collection and overseas court cases with Roman citizens the local Affairs were managed by cities and other governing bodies

Prefects of Judea heavily collaborated with what group of people? …and what individual? How was the Jewish high priest chosen during the time of prefects?

they collaborated with the Jewish aristocracy and the high priest who was chosen by the prefix

What was the new administrative capital during the time of the prefects of Judea? Was the Roman military presence in Judea large or small? One cohort of Roman soldiers was station at what location?

the administrative Capital was caesarea maritima the Roman military presence was small and the cohort was stationed at the Antonia Fortress and Jerusalem

Prefects could at times be cruel, heavy-handed, and unsympathetic to what? Who was the Roman prefect during Jesus’s ministry? What was the act for which Pilate was ultimately dismissed from office?

they were unsympathetic to local religious sensitivities during Jesus's Ministry pilot was the prefect and dismissed for executing Samaritans looking for a temple treasures at Mount g e r i z i n

Herodians and the Roman Procurators of Greater Judea (41-66 CE)

How was Herod Agrippa related to Herod the Great? The emperor Gaius Caligula appointed (and then Claudius confirmed) Agrippa to rule under what title? In the end, how much of Herod the Great’s former kingdom did Agrippa eventually rule?

Herod Agrippa was Herod the Great's grandson guys Caligula appointed Agrippa to rule as king and he ruled the entire former Kingdom of Herod the Great

Did Agrippa personally observe Jewish law? New Testament writings remember Agrippa as being what? The Book of Acts records Agrippa’s death as he was sitting on his throne in what city?

Agrippa did not observe Jewish law and the New Testament says he was a persecutor of Christians act says a group of died sitting on his throne in caesarea

After Agrippa I died, did his son Herod Agrippa II succeed him as king? Agrippa I’s kingdom returned to what kind of rule? What was the title that the emperor Claudius preferred for Roman governors of minor imperial provinces like Judea?

agrippa's son did not succeed him as king but the kingdom returned to the Romans Claudius preferred the title of procurator for minor Imperial provinces like Judea

Increased corruption, oppression, incompetence, and religious insensitivities of the Roman procurators led to a sharp increase in what? The procurator’s military units contributed to tensions because they were made up of mostly whom?

there's an increase in nationalism unrest and lawlessness the procurator military units were made out of local gentiles contributing to tensions

Messianic claimants like Theudas and the Egyptian arose in order to inspire what? What happened to them and their movements? Who were the Sicarii? What were they named after? Who did they target for assassination?

they were trying to inspire nationalistic hopes but they were suppressed in massacred the sicari were Judean nationalists named after their dagger that targeted Jews collaborating with

Ancient Burial Customs and the Tomb of Jesus

Tombs having elongated niches (called loculi) cut unto the chamber walls are from the time of whom? Burials of wealthy families of this time typically included what two phases? What is an ossuary?

the lakulay are from Jesus's time the wealthy families first had their body in a shroud on the local list and then the decayed bodies were in an offsuary which is a stone box

The claims of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre to be the site of Jesus’s tomb are supported by what two things? Archaeology dates the Garden Tomb to what time period? …around the time of which prophet?

supported by early tradition and locali from the first century the garden tomb is from the Iron Age and the time of the Prophet Jeremiah

The First Jewish Revolt against Rome (66-73 CE)

The First Jewish Revolt began when riots broke out in Caesarea and Jerusalem because the Roman procurator Gessius Florus did what in Jerusalem? In response, what did the captain of the Jerusalem temple do?

guess he is florist plundered cities and Jerusalem so the temple stopped offering sacrifices in behalf of the Roman Empire

In Jerusalem, Jewish rebels burned what? …and captured what? What did Jewish rebels do with the Roman troops? …and the Roman commander? What happened when the Roman legate in Syria sent a legion to retake Jerusalem from the rebels?

the rebels burned the house of the high priest captured Antonio Fortress a massacred Roman troops and made the Roman Commander convert and be circumcised and the rebels beat the Roman legion

The Jews were divided into numerous political factions; Who were anti-Roman Jews and what did they want? Who were pro-Roman Jews and what did they want? Who were moderate Jews and what did they want?

the anti Roman Jews were zealots and sicari the pro Roman Jews were supporters of agrip of the second and citizens of sephirus who wanted the status quo the moderate Jews wanted Independence and themselves the Priestly Elite as rulers

Which of these Jewish groups made a truce with the rebels, established a provisional government in Jerusalem, and divided the country into seven districts, each with a military commander? Who was the most famous of these Jewish military commanders?

the Priestly Elite made a truce with the levels established a provisional government Jerusalem divided the country in 7 districts each with the military Commander most famously Josephus

Which general did Emperor Nero appoint to reconquer Greater Judea? What district did Vespasian invade first? What Jewish military commander surrendered to the Romans after being defeated?

Nero appointed Vespasian who invaded Galilee first and Josephus surrendered

After Nero died by suicide, who emerged as the new emperor of Rome? Whom did the new emperor task to retake Jerusalem? Where did the Roman army encamp? …at the present location of what?

Vespasian emerges a new emperor of Rome had his son Titus retake Jerusalem the Roman army and camped on Mount scopus where Hebrew University is today

What did Josephus attempt to persuade the rebels to do? After taking the Antonia Fortress, what did the Romans do to the temple? What did Titus tell his commanders to do with some of the temple artifacts? …such as?

he tried to persuade the rebels to surrender after taking Antonio Fortress the Roman temples the Romans burned the temple Titus told his commanders to save the temple artifacts like the menorah and table of showbread

Where did the Jewish rebels make their last stand in Jerusalem? In Rome, Vespasian and Titus celebrated their victory with a triumphal procession that displayed what? …and ended with what?

the Jewish Rebels made their last stand inherits Palace the Roman victory was celebrated with a triumphal procession of The Spoils of War and Temple artifacts and ended with the execution of Rebel leaders in the Roman forum

After this, the Roman legion, under the command of Flavius Silva, still had to do what? …at what three locations? Which of these was the most dramatic military operation?

the Roman legion still had to stamp out their names at vicarious herodian and Masada the most dramatic of which was Masada

What is the name of the famous leader of the Jewish rebels at Masada? When they realized that the Romans would break through the wall, the rebel leaders (according to Josephus) prevailed upon the remaining Jews to do what? …rather than do what?

the famous leader at Masada was Eleazar Ben y a i r the rebel leaders told them to commit suicide instead of surrendering

The Roman Siege of Jerusalem in 70 CE

The rebels destroyed the city’s grain storage as part of their what? Thus, what did Jerusalem experience during the Roman siege?

storage was destroyed as part of the infighting so that Jerusalem would experience a famine during The Siege

The Second Jewish Revolt and Aelia Capitolina (132-135 CE)

Following the First Jewish Revolt, Jews who remained in Judea maintained reasonable expectations that the Romans would one day do what? The Roman emperor Hadrian visited Jerusalem in 130 and declared his intention to do what? …including what?

they thought the Romans would build the temple but Hadrian declared he would build Jupiter Temple instead as part of Jerusalem becoming a pagan city called Alina capitolina

Hadrian’s announcement led Jews in Judea to do what? …also known as what? The revolt was led by whom? …a name his followers transformed into what? …which means what in English? …meant to endow him with what kind of significance?

so the Jews started the second Revolt led by barcopa formerly known as Simon bar kosova meaning son of the star which endowed him with Messianic significance

After recapturing Jerusalem, Bar Kokhba minted his own coins, showing his ultimate goal was to do what? After Bar Kokhba’s defeat, some rabbis renamed him what? …which means what in English? …a reminder of what?

his ultimate goal was to rebuild Temple the rabbi's renamed him bar koziba which means son of a liar for his failed Messianic expectations

After the war, Hadrian banned Jews from what? …changed the name of the province from Judea to what? (…after the ancient kingdom of whom?) …and he removed any remaining Jewish hopes for what?

Hadrian band Jews from Jerusalem after the war named the Providence syria-palestinia after the ancient Kingdom of the Philistines and remove the hopes for rebuilding the temple

Hadrian carried out his plan to turn Jerusalem into what? …renaming it what? …after whom? …giving it what new patron deity? Hadrian rebuilt the walls of Aelia Capitolina and followed the lines now encompassing what? …leaving out what two areas?

Adrian turned the city into a Roman Colony renaming it Alina capitolina after himself with capitoline Jupiter as the patron deity. the rebuilt walls followed the Turkish walls encompassing without the city of David in the South part of the Western Hill

How many cardos did Hadrian build in Aelia Capitolina? What did Hadrian build

1-) at the present location of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, (…possibly as a way to do what?) 2-) at the Pool of Bethesda, and 3-) on the Temple Mount?