Global Awareness: Final Exam

Monoculture crops

Agricultural practice of cultivating a single crop species in a specific area, common in large-scale farming to maximize efficiency and yield, but can lead to soil depletion, increased vulnerability to pests and disease, and reduced biodiversity.

Fair trade

Market-driven model aiming to ensure fairness in trading dynamics through direct trade between farmer co-ops and importers, seeking to equalize power by providing growers with better market info and credit terms.

Sustainable agriculture

Farming practices aiming to meet current food needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Food security

State where all people have physical, social, and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food at all times.

Genetically modified food

Products derived from organisms with altered genetic material not occurring naturally.

Niche marketing

Marketing terms like organic/fairly traded to help consumers differentiate products.

Land grabs

Transfer of land ownership from local communities to foreign investors through large-scale acquisitions.

Valorization

Process of increasing a product's value through means like marketing, branding, or improving quality.

Food commodity Chain

Describes how food from a farm reaches our table, involving various stages of production and distribution.

Preserving species

Act of protecting and maintaining species, leading to positive impacts on the environment, economies, and human health.

Anti-environmental movement

Criticizes the environmental movement for portraying constant environmental decline without considering trends and advocating for impractical policies.

Debt for nature swap

Exchange where debt relief is provided in return for environmental protection, but individuals in the Global South may see it as a means for the global north to control their resources and policies.

Rising sea levels and emigration

Connection where rising sea levels can cause people to migrate from affected areas to safer regions like the US, New Zealand, or Sri Lanka.

Adjudicating rights of displaced citizens

Involves implementing policies focusing on building resilience, considering the identity of affected areas, and addressing legal, sociocultural, and economic challenges.

Working with native communities on climate change

Involves utilizing their ecosystem knowledge and traditional wisdom to develop culturally sensitive and effective climate change policies.

Impact of global warming on vulnerable nations

Nations not major contributors to global warming, like those in the Pacific, may suffer the most due to their vulnerability to effects like sea level rise because of their geographic location and low-lying nature.

What is the relationship between food production and population density?

As population density increases, so does demand for food which can cause problems in ensuring food

security for all individuals

○ High density can put pressure on agricultural resources, requiring more production to meet demand

What is the relationship between food production, biofuels and water?

They are interconnected, biofuel production can compete with food production for water resources.

○ Competition for water can affect crop yield and food security

Biofuel production can contribute to water pollution

How do fuel prices contribute to our globalized food economy?

Fuel prices influence the cost of transportation in the food supply chain.

○ Cheap energy enabled a system where food is transported long distances for processing and consumption

What factors make it difficult to keep track of the origins of cacao beans and what relationship do these factors have to the use of child labor?

Fast paced nature of global auction houses. Product is constantly moving

What recent examples of niche marketing in either cacao/cocoa or coffee are you familiar with?

Promotion of dark chocolate for it’s antioxidant properties

○ High quality, ethically sourced coffee beans and unique brewing methods.

How did the IMF and the World Bank shift the world map in terms fo coffee production, and how did the

activities of these organizations impact national coffee boards around the globe?

○ IMF and World Bank’s Structural Adjustment Programs weakened national coffee boards in africa,

indonesia, and mexico.

○ Imposed policies that favored liberalization and privatization leading to a shift in the global coffee market

dynamics with countries and multinational corporations.

○ Lack of global policing put pressure on these entities to operate in isolation impacting the global price of

coffee.

In what ways might the general agreement on trade in services and the protection of intellectual property rights enter into the world of global food production?

The GATS and IPR impact global food production by influencing trade regulations, market access, and protection of food-related innovations.

○ GATS affects food trade by regulating services related to food production and distribution.

○ intellectual property rights can impact food production through patents on GMOs, influencing seed ownership and agricultural practices.

How will water rights, intellectual property rights, and changing climate patterns affect food security in the next ten years?

○ Climate change will impact crop yields, reducing production

○ Water scarcity due to mismanagement of water rights can exacerbate food insecurity

○ Intellectual property rights can limit access to seeds and technologies

What might account for the preponderance of characterizations in the western press that china is one of the primary land grabbers in africa?

Significant amount of land china purchased or leased

Inuit

indigenous people in canada who inhabit the arctic regions

Nunavut

territory in canada located in the northern part of the country. Predominantly inhabited by the inuit people

Aboriginal peoples

the original inhabitants of a region.

○ Examples: In canada

■ First nations

■ Inuit

■ Metis

SIV

Simian immunodeficiency virus. Infects primates and is closely related to HIV

Iatrogenic

illnesses or injuries caused by medical interventions

○ Ex: breaking ribs during CPR

Artemisinin

medication reccomended by WHO for treating drug-resistant malaria

World Health Organization (WHO)

specialized agency of the UN responsible for international public health

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS):

viral respiratory virus caused by the coronavirus sars-cov.

○ Emerged in China in 2002

viral sovereignty

control and management of diseases should not be limited by national borders/traditional soverignty.

TRIPS provisions

refers to the Agreement on Trade-Related aspects of Intellectual Property rights. Established by WTO and aims to protect IPR to ensure fair competition among member states.

○ Used by US gov to block production of a generic HIV medication in developing nations

Why might it be the case that health cannot be discussed outside of its social context?

Social factors impact an individuals health outcomes.

■ Ex: lower socioeconomic backgrounds face can limit their access to healthcare, discrimination,

social support, and community resources shape health outcomes.

What processes have contributed to the link between processed foods and disease?

High levels of added sugars, unhealthy fats and artificial ingredients lead to health issues like obesity,

diabetes and heart disease.

○ Lack of nutrients in processed foods contribues to poor health

○ Convenience and affordability leads to widespread consumption

How have globalization and the increase in boarder crossing and migration changed the shape of disease spread?

Facilitated the spread of disease across continents.

How is global climate/environmental change affecting the emergence of new diseases?

Creating new niches for diseases to thrive

Global Awareness: Final Exam

■ Ex: deforestation and environmental damage has led to new diseases

How does globalization introduce new diseases and what is the most recent example?

Exchange of pathogens between regions

○ Ex: Zika (2014)

How do structural adjustment programs and intellectual property provisions impact health programs and outcomes on a global level?

○ They influence healthcare accessability, affordability and quality.

○ May lead to reduced government spending on health, privatization and increased costs

■ Low income individuals may face challenges accessing essential healthcare

What is the relationship between NGOs, multinational drug companies, and local and regional infrastructures?

Interconnected

○ NGOs provide healthcarein underserved communities

○ Drug companies can impact outcomes through pricing and availability

○ Local infrastructures deliver healthcare services and and address health challenges

What are the conditions that cause a public-health issue to become a security issue?

Potential for widespread harm

○ Intentional use for harm

○ Destabilization of societies Ex: bioterrorism/pandemics

What are some ways to devise a more equitable resource distribution between “disease darlins” (HIV) and “old stalwarts” (malaria, tuberculosis, etc.)?

Increasing funding to research and develop treatments for neglected tropical diseases

How would you decide how to fund bioterrorism research and relief versus pandemic research and relief?

Consider the likelihood and impact of the threat.

○ Balance resources based on likelihood.

Hubbert’s Peak

point in time when production of oil in a specific region reaches its maximum level before gradually declining. Based on a prediction made by M. King Hubbert

○ Ised to describe peak oil production in a specific region or globally

Peak Oil

point in time when the maximum rate of oil extraction is reached, after which production enters a terminal decline.

Petroleum

natural fossil fuel formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms

International Energy Agency

autonomous organization that works to ensure reliable, affordable, and clean energy for its member countries. Helps to shape energy policies and promote energy security

OPEC

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Group of 13 oil producing countries that coordinate to

unify petroleum policies to stabilize oil markets, ensure steady income, and secure reliable supply.

○ Holds majority of oil reserves and plays a significant role in pricing.

Fracking

process used to extract oil and natural gas from deep underground.

Psychic numbing

behavior where individuals ignore or become desensitized to potentially distressing or threatening situations to cope with daily life without hightened anxiety.

What is the peak oil movement?

Based on M. King Hubbert’s 1956 prediction.

○ Believes that global oil production would follow a bell-shaped curve, peaking then gradually declining

while demand from emerging economic powers increases.

○ Proponents argue that reserves aren’t being discovered as fast as they are being depleted.

Why is it the case that canada’s role as a U.S. neighbor seems to have made it so invisible in policy discussions regarding petroleum?

Declining financial value of canadian oil exports compared to the united states.

■ Fracking revolution reshaped economics o foil and deceased the value of american crude oil imports from supplying countries.

Alberta focuses too much on pipeline issues and needs to focus on declining demand

Will there likely be a point in the future when people will decide that the environmental costs are too high to extract oil in areas like the oil sands?

○ There is growing concern about extracting oil from areas like the oil sands.

○ As technologies advance, knowledge of environmental impacts increases.

○ Issues with oil sands production impacting land air and water

What are some examples of “psychic numbing”?

○ Ignoring nuclear power plants or fracking equiptment near their homes.

○ Ignoring the dangers to go about their normal life without additional anxiety

What is the difference between Hubbert’s peak and peak oil?

Hubbert’s peak specifically refers to U.S. oil production, while peak oil is a broader term that can be applied to global production of oil..

Biodiversity

total variability among genes, plant and animal species, and ecosystems found in nature. Measures the richness of life in an environment

Biological hotspot

regions with high levels of biodiversity

Chloroflurocarbons (CFCs)

synthetic compounds composed of carbon, Chlorine, and fluorine. Commonly used

in various products like refrigerators and aerosol sprays.

○ Montreal protocol attempts to phase out the use of CFCs because of their harmful effects on the

environment

Sixth extinction

current period of mass extinction where a significant number of species are at risk of disappearing due to human activities.

Kyoto accord

international treaty aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions to combat climate change.

Adopted in 1997 and began to be enforced in 2005.

○ Sets binding targets for developed countries to reduce emissions of six greenhouse gases.

Methane hydrates:

ice-like structures in which methane molecules are trapped in a crystal lattice of water

molecules, found in polar regions and deep ocean sediments. Can potentially release large amounts of methane

into the air.

Small island developing nations (SINs):

a group of 40+ countries, characterized by their small size, limited

resources and vulnerability to external shocks, including climate change. Located in the Pacific, Caribbean, and

Indian ocean.

○ These islands face significant challenges because of rising sea levels.

Keeling Curve

graph that shows the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere over time. Demonstrates steady rise in CO2 levels

Why might environmental issues reflect globalization perhaps more powerfully than other thematic issues presented?

Transcend national borders and impact the entire planet.

Global Awareness: Final Exam

○ Interconnected issues that require international cooperation for effective solutions

○ Example: the Amazon

■ Destruction driven by social and economic factors involving local communities and global

demands for resources

How do northern nations perceive the future of the Amazon, and how do southern nations perceive its future?

Amazon needs protection and concervation efforts

○ Global concern due to the significance of the biodiversity and climate regulation

○ Southern nations view the efforts to impose environmental values on them as a form of modern

imperialism. They view it as a threat to their soverignty.

What are the policy implications resulting from the fact that the areas of the world with the greatest biodiversity also are undergoing the most rapid population growth?

Areas with high biodiversity facing rapid population growth may experience increase pressure on natural

resources which could lead to:

■ Habitat destruction

■ Species loss

■ Ecosystem degradation

○ Policy implications: sustainable development strategies, conservation efforts, land use planning, and

population control measures.

■ Creating protected areas, implementing conservation programs, educating communities

What is a debt for nature swap? Why might individuals in the Global South problematize this type of assistance

from the global north?

Global South is concerned these swaps is a way for the global north to exert control over their natural resources and environmental policies in exchange for debt relief

Department of Homeland Security:

Federal agency, established post 9/11, responsible for ensuring the security of the country from various threats and coordinating efforts from other agencies

International organizations

entities created by multiple countries to achieve certain goals

○ Examples: UN, World Bank, Organization of American States

TESOL

Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages

TESL

Teaching English as a Second Language

TEAL:

Teaching English as an Additional Language