language

complexity of language relationship w/ how known/used by how many it is

more known/used by more has less complexity/less words used

paraphasias

speech production errors

verbal paraphasia & example

swapping whole word bc two words share intended meaning

ex: brother instead of sister

phonemic paraphasia & example

swapping sounds

ex: “I am glad its done” → “I am dlad its gone”

neologisms & example

invented words

• mansplaining, chuddmaxxing

naturist view of language

we are pre-equipped w/ language, its innate (Innateness Hypothesis)

• believe we are born with Language Acquisition Device

Language Acquisition Device

helps support naturist view of language acquisition: we are born with this device that includes universal grammar

convergence

children converge on same grammar principles even when we’re from dif environments, backs up innateness hypothesis & LAD

poverty of stimulus argument & rebuttal

we don’t receive enough reinforcement learning via our environment to support language acquisition thru nurture, its smthing innate we’ve alr had

• we do actually hear a lot of words a day & have adult reformulations that target structure

nurturist view of language acquisition

language acquired thru methods of skill learning

phoneme

smallest linguistic unit, we have a dozen phonemes: /d/ /o/ /g/

morphemes

words, smallest meaningful units of language

• /dog/

syntax

govern structure of sentence

semantics

meaning

phonological ambiguity

within sound: Yanny vs Lauren

lexical ambiguity

single word can refer to more than one thing, homophones

ex: bark (tree) vs bark (dog)

syntactic or parsing ambiguity

when dividing sentence into parts to assign meaning— we assume words are verbs, nouns, etc that messes up rest of sentence if incorrect

garden path sentence

interpreting a word’s significance incorrectly one way can lead you astray when interpreting whole sentence

syntax first theory for parsing

strictly use grammar/syntax to interpret sentence, can lead to garden path

constraint based model

more holistic, don’t just use grammar— use semantic & thematic context, expectaton, frequency

linguistic universalists/nativists ideologies

language & thought are independent

linguistic relativists

language & thought are interconnected

• sapir whorf hypothesis

sapir whorf hypothesis

language influences how we perceive world