Division Pteridophyta

what are the classes present in division pteridophyta?

• class Psilotopsida

• class Equisetopsida

• Class Marattopsida

All of this are Eusporangiate ferns

• Class Pteridopsida (Leptosporangiate ferns)

what are the orders present in class Psilotopsida

Order Psilotales (Psilotum, Tmesipteris)

Order Ophioglossales (Ophioglossum)

what is the order present in class Equisetopsida

order Equisetales (equisetum)

what is the order present in class Marattopsida

Order Marattiales (Marattia)

what are the orders present in Class Pteridopsida

• order polypodiales

• order Cyanthiales

what are the families present in order Polypodiales

• family Polypodiaceae (Polypodium)

• family Woodsiaceae (Cystopteris)

what family is present in order Cyathiales

family Cyantheaceae (Cyathea)

what are the two types of sporangia

1. Eusporangiate sporangium

2. Leptosporangiate sporangium

• large sporangium that develops from several cells

• producing many spores

• the sporangia are often fused to form synangia

• considered as the primitive type of sporangia

Eusporangiate sporangium

• small specialized sporangia developing from a single cell

• produce small definite number of spores

• sporangium often occur in a cluster (sorus) covered by a flap of tissue-indusium

• advance type of sporangia

Leptosporangiate sporangium

• perennial herbs, trees, epiphytes and floating plants

• stem with steles of almost all types

Division Pteridophyta

Division Pteridophyta inhabits what kind of environments?

inhabit terrestrial and freshwater environments

• several species dominate the terrestrial environment

dichotomously branches; no leaves or roots

Psilotum (whisk fern)

describe the stems of Psilotum (whisk fern)

stems are photosynthetic with rhizoids

in Psilotum (whisk fern) sporangia occur as?

sporangia occur as eusporangiate synangia at the short lateral stems with enations (microphyll)

what type of plant is Psilotum (whisk fern)?

Homosporous

describe the gametophyte of Psilotum (whisk fern)

gametophytes is small, inconspicuous, and saprophytic

• the horsetails or scouring rushes

• with jointed and ribbed stem

Equisetum

in Equisetum, what is the strobilus compose of?

strobilus compose of sporangiophores, each with multiple homosporous sporangia

describe the gametophytes of Equisetum

• gametophytes are saprophytic, monoecious and cryptic (hidden underground)

= true ferns

Leptosporangiate ferns

what are the core leptosporangiates

• Polypodiales

• Cyatheales

• Salviniales

(polypods)

Polypodiales

(tree ferns and allies)

Cyatheales

(heterosporous ferns, water ferns)

Salviniales

(schizaeaoid ferns)

Schizaeales

(gleichenioid ferns)

Gleicheniales

(filmy ferns)

Hymenophyllales

(osmundaceous ferns)

Osmundales

what are the sporophyte structures?

• stems

• leaf

• roots

referred to as rhizomes

Stems

Epiphytic species and terrestrial ones have above-ground creeping?

Stolons (e.g Polypodiaceae)

• many groups have above-ground erect semi-woody trunks (e.g Cyatheaceae- Cyathea)

a megaphyll often referred to as a frond

leaf

new leaves typically expand by the unrolling of a tight spiral called?

Fiddlehead

uncurling of the lead is termed?

circinate vernation

what are the two types of fronds

1. Trophophyll

2. Sporophyll

• vegetative frond

• functions mainly for photosynthesis

Trophophyll

• fertile frond

• produce spores borne in sporangia that are usually clustered to form sorus (sori)

Sporophyll

• in most ferns, fertile fronds are morphologically very similar to the sterile ones, and they photosynthesize in the same way

• underground non-photosynthetic structures that take up water and nutrients from soil

Roots

roots are always?

• always fibrous and are structurally very similar to the roots of seed plants

what structure is Prothallus?

Gametophyte structure

• green photosynthetic, one cell thick

• heart shaped

• 3-10 mm long and 2-8 mm broad

Prothallus

Prothallus produce gametes in structures called?

Antheridia: flagellated sperms

Archegonia: single egg

• rootlike structures (not true roots)

• for absorption of water, minerals and salts, anchorage

Rhizoids

The greatest impact of seedless vascular plants on human life comes from their?

extinct progenitors

tall club mosses, horsetails, and tree-like ferns flourished in the swampy forests during this period

Carboniferous period

what results in a wide spread glacier formation

with the evolution of vascular tissues, roots and leaves, these plants accelerated their rate of photosynthesis, dramatically increasing the removal of CO2 in the atmosphere

the drop in carbon dioxide levels caused global cooling that resulted in wide spread glacier formation

what forest gave rise to large deposits of coal throughout the world?

Carboniferous forest

mined abundantly as primary source of energy during the industrial revolution

• it contributed to rapid technological progress during the time

• it is also a major contributor to global warming

Coal (fossil fuel)

what are the importance of seedless vascular plants: ferns?

• prevent soil erosion

• promote topsoil formation

• restore nitrogen to aquatic habitats by harboring cyanobacteria

• make good house plants

• have been used as food and for medicinal remedies