EXAM 2! (KIN224)

The umbilical cord contains _____ umbilical vein(s) and _____ umbilical artery(ies).

one; two

Superior phrenic arteries supply the ______ and emerge from the _____.

diaphragm; descending thoracic aorta

After birth, the remnant of the umbilical vein becomes the

ligamentum teres.

Umbilical arteries carry _______ blood.

deoxygenated

Pulmonary arteries are wider than systemic arteries. Therefore, pulmonary circuit blood pressure is

low and blood flows very slowly through pulmonary capillaries, maximizing gas exchange.

An increase in blood vessel diameter would lead to a decrease in blood flow.

False

Renin converts

angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.

Which of the artery types contain the internal and external elastic laminae?

Muscular arteries

Aldosterone and atrial natriuretic peptide have ________ effects on blood pressure.

opposite

Although local blood flow to different organs varies from time to time (based on demand), the distribution of blood vessels in the various organs of the body is fairly similar.

False

As a venous pathway moves closer to the heart, the veins

get larger.

Systolic blood pressure is recorded

in arteries and is the maximal pressure that is recorded during ventricular contraction.

Gas, nutrient, and waste exchange occur between the __________ and the tissues of the body.

capillaries

The velocity of blood flow through capillaries is

slow, which allows sufficient time for exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues.

Increased cardiac output ______ the blood pressure.

increases

Pulmonary veins carry blood toward the left atrium of the heart.

True

Considering the bulk flow that occurs at capillary beds, the lymphatic system is needed to

reabsorb excess fluid from the interstitial fluid.

Which are found in the capillary wall?

a: Endothelium

b: Subendothelial layer

c: Internal elastic lamina

d: Intercellular clefts

e: External elastic lamina

f: Basement membrane

a, d, f

The function of the postcapillary venule is to

drain the capillary bed.

Angiotensin II causes

vasoconstriction, decrease urine formation, and increased thirst.

The vessels that supply the lower limbs are the

external iliac arteries.

What causes much of the blood in the fetal right atrium to be shunted to the left atrium through the foramen ovale?

The blood pressure in the right atrium is greater than in the left atrium.

The artery that bifurcates into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery is the

brachiocephalic artery.

During a dangerous situation, the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread vasoconstriction, raising systemic blood pressure. This is an example of the myogenic response.

False

Net filtration pressure (NFP) is equal to the

net hydrostatic pressure minus the net colloid osmotic pressure.

Some large molecules, such as fatty acids, are transported between capillaries and tissues by vesicular transport.

True

The liver receives oxygenated blood from the common hepatic artery and deoxygenated blood from the hepatic portal vein.

True

The brachiocephalic veins are formed by the

a: Internal jugular veins

b: Right sigmoid sinus

c: Left sigmoid sinus

d: Subclavian veins

e: Traight sinus

a, d

The femoral vein becomes the external iliac vein when it

passes above the inguinal ligament.

The superior vena cava is formed by the merging of the _______ veins.

brachiocephalic

The ________ is composed of circularly arranged layers of smooth muscle cells.

tunica media

The artery that arises from the descending aorta and is immediately inferior to the celiac trunk is the _____ artery.

superior mesenteric

Of the three artery types, the elastic arteries have the greatest ability to vasoconstrict and vasodilate.

False

In general, as an artery's diameter decreases, the artery walls show

an increase in the relative amount of smooth muscle and a decrease in the relative amount of elastic fibers.

Precapillary sphincters will

control blood flow into the true capillaries.

cause blood to flow directly from the metarteriole into the postcapillary venule.

open when the tissue needs nutrients.

close when the tissue's needs have been met.

As blood moves from the arterial end to the venous end of a capillary, net filtration pressure

decreases, as blood hydrostatic pressure decreases.

When physical exertion has ended and the body is at rest, veins demonstrate

vasodilation so that they function as blood reservoirs.

Angiogenesis

allows for an increase in the perfusion of a local tissue.

Branches of the subclavian arteries carry blood on the way to the brain, neck and shoulder muscles, and mammary glands.

true

Which statement accurately describes total blood flow?

Total blood flow equals cardiac output and can vary significantly over time with activity levels.

The popliteal artery supplies the

knee joint

As an arterial pathway moves farther from the heart, the arteries

gets smaller

Which carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava?

hepatic veins

Circulation to the spleen demonstrates a(n)

simple pathway, as one artery delivers blood and one vein drains the organ.

Blood hydrostatic pressure in systemic capillaries is greater than interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

True

Sinusoids are found in

a: bone marrow

b: spleen

c: small intestine

d: kidney

e: liver

f: muscle

g: skin

a, b, e

A vasodilator causes a decrease in local blood flow at a capillary bed.

False

To prevent excessive blood loss following tissue damage, local chemicals such as

thromboxanes are released to trigger vasoconstriction.

Which part of the circulatory system holds the largest amount of blood?

Systemic veins

The azygos vein is located on the left side of the vertebrae.

False

At the bifurcation of the aorta in the pelvic region, the _______ artery arises to supply the sacrum and coccyx.

median sacral

Peripheral resistance is

directly related to vessel length and inversely related to vessel radius.

Blood velocity is measured in _________ and is generally _________ related to total cross-sectional area of blood vessels.

cm/second; inversely

Blood pressure is lowest in

veins

What branches arise directly from the celiac trunk?

Left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies blood to the

transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.

Imagine a patient who loses lots of blood and therefore has less stretch of their aorta with each heartbeat. What reflex will result?

Baroreceptors decrease firing, the cardioacceleratory center increases firing, and cardiac output will exhibit a compensatory increase.

The _________ run(s) adjacent to the medial surface of the upper limb and eventually helps form the axillary vein.

basilic vein

When blood flow increases stretch of specific arterioles in the kidney, the arterioles reflexively contract to keep blood pressure from getting too high. This is an example of the myogenic response.

True

Valves in veins

cause venous blood flow to go in only one direction.

The contraction of skeletal muscles plays an important role in the movement of blood in the veins.

True

The artery that will eventually subdivide to form the posterior cerebral arteries is the _____ artery.

Basilar

The cardiac center of the brainstem includes the

cardioacceleratory center, from which sympathetic pathways extend.

Increases in angiotensin II levels cause decreases in blood pressure.

False

The stomach needs the celiac artery blood supply in order to receive blood.

True

Which statement is accurate?

Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure.

Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by osmotic pressure.

Filtration dominates at the venous end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

Filtration dominates at the arterial end of a capillary bed, and is driven by hydrostatic pressure.

A venule becomes a vein when its diameter is greater than ____ micrometers.

100

The arteries that anastomose and form the two arterial arches in the palm are the _____ and _____ arteries.

radial; ulnar

A portal system

is one in which blood flows through two capillary beds before being sent back to the heart.

Imagine yourself sitting in an awkward position in an uncomfortable chair that is depriving part of your leg from normal blood flow. This deprivation of adequate perfusion will result in what sort of local changes in your leg?

Buildup of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ions will cause vasodilation.

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 125/75 mmHg, then their pulse pressure would be

50mmHg

Imagine someone who drank too much water before running a race. Their very watery blood would have

low viscosity and therefore have low resistance.

High carbon dioxide levels and low pH in blood of the carotid arteries will stimulate

chemoreceptors to activate the vasomotor center.

If someone were to decrease their food intake and increase aerobic exercise, they might lose adipose tissue and condition their muscles. These changes would also influence their blood vessels, as there would be

regression of blood vessels in adipose tissue and angiogenesis in skeletal muscle.

The anterior communicating artery of the cerebral arterial circle connects the

anterior cerebral arteries.

If someone were to have abnormally low levels of protein in their blood, then net filtration pressure would

be higher than normal.

The largest arteries of the body are classified as

elastic arteries

Atrial natriuretic peptide stimulates

vasodilation, increased urine output, and therefore decreased blood pressure.

The pulmonary trunk carries

deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle toward the lungs.

Epinephrine, aldosterone, and antidiuretic hormone each cause an increase in blood pressure.

True

Tissue damage can trigger local release of histamine, which can

stimulate release of nitric oxide, a vasodilator.

Which is the most common type of capillary?

Continuous

Tendons and ligaments have

a low degree of vascularization, therefore low perfusion and slow healing.

Systolic pressure is greater than diastolic pressure due to the force generated by ventricular contraction.

True

During exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases. What other blood flow changes occur?

Blood flow to coronary vessels increases, and flow to abdominal organs decreases.

If someone's blood pressure were listed as 110/65 mmHg, then their mean arterial pressure (MAP) would be

80 mmHg

The higher the degree of vascularization in a tissue, the greater the potential for local blood flow.

True

The force per unit area that blood places on the inside wall of a blood vessel

is called the blood pressure.

The left suprarenal and gonadal veins differ from the right suprarenal and gonadal veins in how directly they get to the inferior vena cava.

True

Atherosclerosis involves a

sustained increase in resistance that leads to increases in arterial pressure to maintain adequate blood flow.

In arteries, the thickest layer of the wall is the

tunica media.

Which fetal circulatory structure shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

Ductus arteriosus

The end of the aorta occurs when the vessel bifurcates into the

common iliac arteries.

Blood flow is

directly related to the pressure gradient but inversely related to the resistance.

The left renal vein, right renal vein, right suprarenal vein, and right gonadal vein merge directly into the

Inferior vena cava

Blood colloid osmotic pressure is largely due to

the proteins in the blood, and it promotes reabsorption.

If someone suffered from hypertension, such that the blood pressure in their capillaries was elevated, then net filtration pressure would be

above normal

Which sequence indicates the correct pathway for blood in the arterial flow of the upper appendage?

Subclavian artery - axillary artery - brachial artery - ulnar artery

Several esophageal branches emerge off of which of the following vessels?

Superior mesenteric artery

Concerning the exchange between blood and interstitial fluid at systemic capillaries,

more fluid is filtered than reabsorbed.