Ap Chap 1

What is the primary focus of anatomy?

Anatomy describes the structures of the body.

What does physiology study?

Physiology studies how the structures work together and their functions.

What are the six levels of structural organization in the human body?

Atoms, Molecules, Organelles, Cells, Tissues, Organs, Organ Systems, Organism.

What is the difference between gross anatomy and microanatomy?

Gross anatomy can be seen without magnification, while microanatomy requires magnification.

What are the two branches of microanatomy?

Cytology (study of cells) and Histology (study of tissues).

What is the importance of homeostasis?

Homeostasis is crucial for normal human functioning and maintaining a stable internal environment.

What are the four requirements for human survival?

Nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature.

What does the phrase 'form follows function' imply?

The structure of a body part is closely related to its function.

What is metabolism?

Metabolism is the sum of all energetic processes of building up (anabolism) and breaking down (catabolism) in the body.

Define anabolism.

Anabolism is the process of combining small molecules to create larger structures, requiring energy.

Define catabolism.

Catabolism is the process of breaking down larger substances into simpler molecules.

List the eleven organ systems of the human body.

Integumentary, Skeletal, Muscular, Nervous, Endocrine, Cardiovascular, Lymphatic, Respiratory, Digestive, Urinary, Reproductive.

What is the role of the cardiovascular system?

The cardiovascular system is responsible for transporting blood, nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

What is the function of the nervous system?

The nervous system controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting signals between different parts of the body.

What are the major organs of the integumentary system?

Skin, hair, nails, and associated glands.

What is the primary function of the skeletal system?

The skeletal system provides support, protection for internal organs, and facilitates movement.

What is the main function of the muscular system?

The muscular system is responsible for movement of the body and maintenance of posture.

What is the role of the respiratory system?

The respiratory system is responsible for gas exchange, bringing oxygen into the body and expelling carbon dioxide.

What is the function of the digestive system?

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients that can be absorbed by the body.

What is the primary function of the urinary system?

The urinary system removes waste products from the body and regulates water and electrolyte balance.

What is the role of the reproductive system?

The reproductive system is responsible for producing offspring and regulating sexual characteristics.

What is the significance of anatomical terminology?

Anatomical terminology provides a standardized language to describe body structures and their locations.

Why is a proficiency in anatomy and physiology important?

It is fundamental to any career in the health professions.

How does the structure of the heart relate to its function?

The heart has four chambers that keep oxygen-rich blood from mixing with oxygen-poor blood.

What is the difference between anabolism and catabolism?

Anabolism is the process of building up molecules, while catabolism is the process of breaking down molecules.

What is ATP and why is it important?

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the energy currency of the cell, essential for driving biochemical reactions.

What are the four requirements for life?

Oxygen, nutrients, a narrow range of temperature, and a narrow range of atmospheric pressure.

What percentage of the atmosphere is made up of oxygen?

Roughly 21%.

What happens to the brain after 5 minutes without oxygen?

Brain damage occurs.

What are macronutrients?

Nutrients that the body needs in large amounts, including water and energy-yielding nutrients.

What is hypothermia?

A condition where the body loses heat faster than it can produce it, leading to a body temperature below 95℉ (35℃).

What is hyperthermia?

A condition where the body absorbs or generates more heat than it can release, resulting in an elevated temperature above 104℉ (40℃).

What is homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment by all body systems working together.

What is negative feedback?

A mechanism that reverses or opposes a change to maintain homeostasis.

What are the three basic components of a negative feedback loop?

Sensor or receptor, control center, and effector.

What is positive feedback?

A mechanism that amplifies or reinforces a change, pushing a physiological process toward completion.

Give an example of a positive feedback loop.

Normal childbirth is driven by a positive feedback loop.

What are the three anatomical planes of the body?

Sagittal, frontal (coronal), and transverse planes.

What does the term 'proximal' mean?

Closer to the trunk or point of attachment.

What does the term 'distal' mean?

Farther from the trunk or point of attachment.

What are serous membranes?

Thin sacs that line internal body cavities and secrete lubricating fluid to reduce friction.

What is the primary use of X-rays in medical imaging?

To visualize hard body structures like bones and teeth.

What is a CT scan?

A noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze cross-sectional X-rays for detailed body structure imaging.

What is MRI used for?

To provide precise imaging, especially for soft tissues and to discover tumors.

What does PET stand for and what does it do?

Positron Emission Tomography; it uses radiopharmaceuticals to illustrate physiological activity.

What is the least invasive medical imaging technique?

Ultrasound, which uses high-frequency sound waves to create real-time images.

What are the two types of regulation in homeostasis?

Intrinsic (internal) regulation and extrinsic (external) regulation.

What is altitude sickness?

A condition caused by high altitude, low oxygen, and low barometric pressure, leading to reduced gas exchange.

What is the normal internal temperature range for the human body?

97℉ to 99℉.

What can happen to proteins if the body temperature is outside the normal range?

Proteins can lose their structure and function.

What is the role of atmospheric pressure in breathing?

It affects the ability to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide.

What is the effect of extreme heat on the human body?

The body can acclimate to some degree, but excessive heat can lead to hyperthermia.

What is the significance of the anatomical position?

It provides a standard reference point for anatomical terminology and orientation.

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