Lab Practical #2 Study Resources

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering the urinary system, respiratory system, and fetal pig anatomy based on Lab Practical #2 study materials.

Kidney

The natural filter of blood that removes water-soluble wastes.

Ureter

The structural connection between the kidney and the bladder.

Bladder

The organ that stores urine.

Urethra

The vessel through which urine passes after leaving the bladder.

Cortex (Kidney)

The outer portion of the kidney which contains the renal corpuscles.

Medulla (Kidney)

The inner portion of the kidney where medullary collecting ducts drain into the renal pelvis.

Loop of Henle

A structure that descends through the cortex into the medulla and returns to the cortex.

Renal papillae

The tips of the medullary pyramids that drain urine into the minor calyces.

Minor calyx

Cavities at the base of renal papillae which drain into major calyces.

Major calyx

The area where the minor calyces lead to collect urine.

Renal pelvis

The area that combines collected urine from multiple major calyces, representing the enlarged upper end of the ureter.

pH of urine

A value of $7.0$ is considered normal; lower values contribute to stone formation and acidosis, while higher values may indicate infection.

Turbidity

The cloudiness of a urine sample, where high levels may indicate a bacterial infection.

Urochrome

The pigment (also known as urobilin) that gives urine its yellow color.

Specific Gravity (SG)

A measure of the concentration of solutes in urine compared to pure water ($1.000$), normally ranging from $1.000 - 1.030$.

Diabetes mellitus

A condition indicated by the presence of glucose in the urine due to insulin or pancreas issues.

Diabetes insipidus

A rare water-balance disorder caused by ADH hormone issues, leading to massive amounts of dilute urine and normal blood sugar.

Conducting zone

The respiratory region responsible for bulk air flow where no gas exchange occurs.

Respiratory zone

The respiratory region where gas exchange occurs.

Tidal Volume ($V_t$)

The volume of air moved during normal breathing in and out.

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

The volume of air that can be breathed in with a maximal breath after a normal inhalation.

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

The volume of air that can be forced out with a maximal breath after a normal exhalation.

Residual Volume (RV)

The air remaining in the lungs after maximal expiration to prevent lung collapse.

Vital Capacity (VC)

The sum of volume measurable with a spirometer, calculated as $V_t + IRV + ERV$.

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

The sum of all air in the lungs after a maximum inspiration, calculated as $V_t + ERV + IRV + RV$.

Trachea

The air passage to the lungs characterized by C-shaped cartilaginous rings.

Epiglottis

The structure that covers the glottis to prevent food from entering the trachea.

Larynx

The hollow muscular organ forming the air passage to the lungs, also known as the voice box.

Thymus

An organ important for the immune system that produces white blood cells (T cells).

Pyloric Junction

A band of smooth muscle at the intersection of the stomach and duodenum that controls food flow.

Insulin

A pancreatic hormone that controls glucose by moving it to the body.

Glucagon

A pancreatic hormone that controls glucose by moving it to the blood vessels.

Jejunum

The middle part of the small intestine and the primary site of absorption.

Cecum

The first section of the large intestine and the site of fermentation.

Ductus Deferens

A tube stemming from the epididymis that transports sperm; called the vas deferens in humans.

Urogenital papilla

An external structure located near the anus used to identify female fetal pigs.