Psychopathology

Publication bias

________ is possible with drug companies not releasing negative results due to a financial incentive to show their drug is effective.

Systematic destination

________ is seen as more ethical and is generally more successful with a higher completion rate as the participant is in control.

Depression

________ due to the impact of the disorder on enjoyable activities Cognitive- are obsessions which are reoccurring thoughts focusing on the worst case scenario.

Criteria

________ are difficult to achieve consistently with most people not achieving ideal mental health and being defined as abnormal.

systematic desensitisation

There are three processes involved in ________: 1) The anxiety hierarchy is put together by the patient and the therapist.

CBT

________ is not effective for clients who are severely depressed as they will be unable to take part in the difficult psychological work.

Emotional

________- persistent low mood /Sadness and reduced feeling of personal self- worth often linked to guilt.

Definitions of abnormality

________ Deviation from social norms Social norms are unwritten behavioural expectations that vary depending on culture, time and context.

therapist teaches

The ________ breathing techniques or imagery techniques.

event B

A is the activating ________ is the irrational (or rational) belief, C is the consequence the behaviour that is caused by B. Ellis also suggests thinking in absolutes can lead to depression termed musturbatory thinking.

Drugs

________ often used in depression for the reduction of anxiety are used to treat OCD.

Watson

________ and Rayner (1920) showed how phobias could be included in a child by making a loud noise when presenting a rat to a child.

Cognitive

________- are poor concentration and a persistent concern, focusing on negative outcomes.

list of situations

This is a(n) ________ related to the phobic stimulus that provokes anxiety, ranging from the most frightening to the least.

Subjective measure

________ as what is coping in the opinion of one observer could be different for another observer.

Gilroy et al

________ (2003) followed up 42 patients who had been treated for spider phobia in three 45 minute sessions of systematic desensitisation.

Characteristics of Depression Behavioural

________- are weight loss, low energy energy, self harm and poor personal hygiene.

basal ganglia

The ________ is responsible for involuntary movement in Parkinson's, suggesting a link to compulsions.

irrational thoughts

When ________ are identified they are challenged and reconstructed to avoid distortion by a negative cognitive triad.

Holistic approach

________ to diagnosis, that helps an individual identify areas for personal development.

➢ Psychosurgery

________ is also used to disrupt /cut the communication between the orbito- frontal cortex and other areas of the brain.

Failure

________ to function adequately Individuals have an ability to cope with the challenges of daily life such as maintaining personal hygiene.

➢ Phobias

________ may also be learnt vicariously from the observation of models according to the social learning theory principles.

High functioning psychopaths

________ are abnormal however able to function well in society often succeeding.

success of CBT

The ________ has led to many people being able to return to the workforce, positively impacting the economy.

Behavioural activation

________ is encouraging clients to take part in enjoyable activities, improving emotion.

experimental psychosurgery

More ________ includes deep brain stimulation, the placement of electrodes in the brain to disrupt signalling.

chemical treatments

The biological approach to treating OCD ➢ Drug therapies are ________ that influence biological functioning.

Characteristics of Phobias Behavioural

________- are avoidance of the phobic object, displaying a panic response and failure to function, so not being able to complete normal tasks Emotional- are high levels of anxiety stopping relaxation and fear.

Schemas

________ are mental frameworks that help as shortcuts in understanding the world.

Spider phobia

________ was assessed on several measures including the spider questionnaire and by assessing response to a spider.

‘ Social deviants

________ are individuals who break the norms and are seen as abnormal.

Emotional

________- are extreme anxiety caused by persistent obsessive thoughts.

Systematic desensitisation

________ is a behavioural therapy designed to gradually reduce phobic anxiety through the principle of classical conditioning.

CBT

Access to ________ is limited due to the cost and time investment with trained therapists.

Cognitive

________- are irrational beliefs about the phobic objects, overstating the potential dangers /importance.

CBT

________ has been shown to be as effective as medication with both showing an 81 % effectiveness rate.

There are three processes involved in systematic desensitisation

1) The anxiety hierarchy is put together by the patient and the therapist

Doesnt treat the origins of the problem

the psychodynamic approach may argue that systematic desensitisation only deals with surface symptoms because the process is not dealing with the root of the problem

It is cost effective

Flooding is highly effective and cheaper than the alternatives due to less time being spent with the therapist

It is less effective for some phobias

Although flooding is highly effective for treating simple phobias it is less so for complex phobias like social phobias

Traumatic

It is a highly traumatic experience which can raise ethical issues of causing psychological harm

The cognitive approach to treating depression ➢ Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Is a talking therapy that focuses on identifying and challenging irrational thoughts