phys final lab exam

lab safety rules

minimize exposure to chemicals and hazards

report medical conditions or concerns

know hazards and follow safety data instructions

unauthorized work is prohibited

no food or drinks in lab

wear PPE

avoid contacts

know safety equipment and emergency locations

stay alert and be aware

report accidents immediately

keep workplace clean

follow additional rules

call 911 or campus police for emergencies

squamous

flat shaped cell

cubodial

cube shaped cell

columnar

rectangular shaped cell

simple

one layer

stratified

two or more layers

pseudostratified

one layer but it looks like more

areolar tissue

general binding found in the skin and muscle

adipose tissue

made up of fat cells, energy storage

reticular tissue

contains reticular fibers, provides a supportive framework for soft organs

dense regular connective tissue

make up tendons and ligaments; fibers in parallel bundles

dense irregular connective tissue

fibers interwoven into a mesh; strength

hyaline cartilage

provides support with some flexibility; trachea, nose

fibrocartilage

provides some compressibility, shock absorber; between vertebrae

elastic cartilage

provides firm but elastic support; ear

skeletal muscle

Voluntary movement, produces heat, protects organs; striations

cardiac muscle

Contracts to pump blood; striations and intercalated discs

smooth muscle

Involuntary movement, moves food, involuntary control of respiration, moves secretions,

regulates flow of blood in arteries by contraction; no striations

blood

?

lymph

?

neuron

communcation

cell body

regular cell jobs, organelles

dendrites

receive messages from neurons

axons

send out messages to other neurons

transcription

DNA to mRNA; in nucleus

translation

mRNA to protein; in cytoplasm

tRNA

grab amino acids to put together protein

codon

groups of three bases

depolarization

become really positive

repolarization

becomes negative

hyperpolarization

become extra negative

threshold

-55 mv

resting membrane potential (RMP)

-70 mv

steps of action potential

depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization

two point threshold

minimum distance we still felt two points, two receptors talked to

sensory pathway

sensory receptor

dorsal root ganglia

up the spine

thalamus

sensory cortex

motor pathway

motor cortex

down the spine

ventral root ganglia

motor neuron

simple reflex response

spine only; knee jerk

complex reflex response

fast and involuntary; withdrawal reflex

autonomic reflex response

unaware regulation; pupillary light reflex

reaction time

time taken to process sensory information and react with motor information

sympathetic system

fight or flight, stress

parasympathetic

rest and digest

somatic reflex

knee jerk

isotonic

moving object

isometric

pushing against immovable object

type I slow twitch

resistant to fatigue; posture and walking; aerobic, lots of myoglobin - red

type IIb glycolytic

quick movement; anaerobic, little myoglobin - white

type IIa oxidative glycolytic

quick movement; aerobic

myofilaments

increase with exercise; dominant arm has more than non-dom

when weight training, do muscle cell size or number increase

cell size

prolactin

milk letdown

ACTH

stimulates release of cortisol

TSH

stimulates thyroid hormone release

GH

growth and repair

LH

stimulates release of sex hormones

FSH

stimulating development and maturation of sex cells

atrophy

gland grows smaller, underproducing

hypertrophy

gland grows bigger, overproducing

negative feedback

self-regulating mechanism where high levels of a hormone inhibit further production, maintaining homeostasis

I’m not explaining all the steps of reading a blood test

if the blood clots, it’s positive

erythroblastosis fetalis

when a Rh- mother has a Rh+ baby which causes antibodies to form against babies blood

why is blood compatibility important

antibodies will attack if blood is not compatible

cardiac output

heart rate × stroke volume

know how to measure blood pressure. i’m also not writing this

use a sphygmomanometer

systolic pressure

pressure when heart contracts

diastolic pressure

pressure when heart relaxes

hypertension

high BP

hypotension

low BP

how to measure % saturation

use a pulse ox

cillia

hairlike projections, moves mucus up to cough it out

goblet cells

produce mucus, traps germs and dust

what % saturation of oxygen is in our tissues

around 75%

what % saturation of oxygen is in our lungs

around 98-100%

spirometer

used to measure how well your lungs work by calculating the volume and speed of air you can inhale and exhale

tidal volume

amount of air inhaled and exhaled per breath during unforced quiet breathing

inspiratory reserve volume

volume inspired above tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

volume expired forcefully after the end of normal expiration

residual volume

remaining air after maximum exhalation

vital capacity

amount of air forcefully exhaled after maximum inhale

total lung capacity

vital capacity + the residual volume