AP gov unit 5 final vocab

Political participation

The different ways in which individuals take action to shape the laws and policies of a government.

Political action committee

An organization that raises money to elect and defeat candidates and may donate money directly to a candidate’s campaign, subject to limits.

Civil liberties

Fundamental rights and freedoms protected from endangerment by the government.

Linkage institution

Channels that connect individuals with government including elections, political parties, interest groups, and the media

Social movement

The joining of individuals seeking social or political change with the goal of placing issues on the policy agenda.

franchise

The right to vote

Civil Rights Act of $1964$

Legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate.

Voting Rights Act of $1965$

Legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states

Twenty-Sixth Amendment

Allows those eighteen years old and older to vote

Twenty-Fourth Amendment

Prohibits Congress and the states from imposing poll taxes as a condition for voting in federal elections

Poll tax

A payment required by a state or federal government before a citizen is allowed to vote

Voter turnout

The number of eligible voters who participate in an election as a percentage of the total number of eligible voters

Demographic characteristics

Measurable characteristics of a population, such as economic status, education, age, race or ethnicity and gender

Socioeconomic status (SES)

A measure of an individual's wealth, income, occupation, and educational attainment

Political efficacy

A person’s belief that he or she can make effective political change

Political mobilization

Efforts by political parties to encourage their members to vote

Registration requirements

The set of rules that govern who can vote and how, when, and where they vote

Absentee ballot

Voting completed and submitted by a voter before the day of an election without going to the polls

Rational choice voting

Voting based on what a citizen believes is in his or her best interest

Retrospective voting

Voting based on assessment of an incumbent’s past performance

Party-line voting

Voting for candidates who belong only to one political party for all of the offices on the ballot

Electoral College

A constitutionally required process for selecting the president through slates of electors chosen in each state, who are pledged to vote for a nominee in the presidential election

Winner-take-all system

A system of elections in which the candidate who wins the plurality of votes within a state receives all of that state’s vote in the Electoral College

Battleground state

A state where the polls show a close contest between the Republican and Democratic candidate in a presidential election

Swing state

A state where levels of support for parties are similar and elections swing back and forth between Democrats and Republicans

Get out the vote (GOTV)

Efforts to mobilize supporters

Superpac

An organization that may spend an unlimited amount of money on a political campaign, as long as the spending is not coordinated with a campaign

Political party

An organized group of party leaders, officeholders, and voters who work together to elect cadidates to political office

Party identification

The degree to which a voter is connected to and influenced by a particular political party

Straight-ticket voting

Voting for all the candidates on the ballot from one political party

Split-ticket voting

Voting for candidates from different parties in the same election

Party platform

A set of positions and policy objectives that members of a political party agree to

Recruitment

The process through which political parties identify potential candidates

Party coalition

Groups of voters who support a political party over time

Realignment

When the groups of people who support a political party shift their allegiance to a different political party

Critical election

A major national election that signals a change in the balance of power between the two parties

Party era

Time period when one party wins most national elections

Era of divided government

A trend since $1969$, in which one party controls one or both houses of Congress and the president is from the opposing party

Nomination

The formal process through which parties choose their candidates for political office

Delegate

A person who acts as the voters’ representative at a convention to select the party nominee

Primary election

An election in which a state’s voters choose delegates who support a presidential candidate for nomination or an election by a plurality vote to select a party's nominee for a seat in Congress

Open primary

A primary election in which all eligible voters may vote, regardless of their party affiliation

Closed primary

A primary election in which only those who have registered as a member of a political party may vote

Caucus

A process through which a state’s eligible voters meet to select delegates to represent their preferences in the nomination process

Superdelegate

Usually a party leader or activist who is not pledged to a candidate based on the outcome of the state’s primary or caucus

Front-loading

A decision by a state to push its primary or caucus to a date as early in the election season as possible to gain more influence in the presidential nomination process

National convention

A meeting where delegates officially select their party’s nominee for the presidency

Candidate-centered campaign

A trend in which candidates develop their own strategies and raise money with less influence from the party elite

Two-party system

A system in which two political parties dominate politics, winning almost all elections

Proportional representation system

An election system for a legislature in which citizens vote for parties, rather than indiivduals, and parties are represented in the legislature according to the percentage of the vote they receive

Single-member plurality system

An election system for choosing members of the legislature where the winner is the candidate who receives the most vote, even if the candidate does not receive a majority of the votes

Third party

A minor political party in competition with the two major parties

Interest groups

Voluntary associations of people who come together with the goal od getting the policies that they favor enacted

Social movements

Diffuse groups that educate the public and put pressure on policymakers in an effort to bring about societal change

Theory of participatory democracy

The belief that citizens impact policymaking through their involvement in civil society

Civil society

Groups outside the government that advocate for policy

Pluralist theory

A theory that political power is distributed among many competing groups, which means that no single group can grow too powerful

Elitist theory

A theory that the wealthy elite class has a disproportionate amount of economic and political power

Policy agenda

The set of issues to which government officials, voters, and the public are paying attention

Collective action

Political action that occurs when individuals contribute their energy, time, or money to a larger group goal

Collective good

Also called a public good; a public benefit that individuals can enjoy or profit from even if they do not help achieve it

Free riders

Individuals who enjoy collective goods and benefit from the actions of an interest group without joining

Selective benefits

Benefits available only to those who join the group

Economic interest groups

Groups advocating on behalf of the financial interests of their members

Public interest groups

Groups that act on behalf of the collective interests of a broad group of individuals

Single-issue groups

Associations focusing on one specific area of public policy, often a moral issue about which they are unwilling to compromise

Government issue groups

Organizations acting on behalf of local, state, or foreign governments

Lobbying

Interacting with government officials in order to advance a group’s public policy goals

Revolving door

The movement of individuals between positions in government and lobbying positions

Amicus curiae brief

A brief filed by someone who is not a party to a case in an attempt to persuade the Court to agree with the arguments set forth in the brief

Protest

A public demonstration designed to call attention to the need for change

Civil disobedience

Intentionally breaking a law to call attention to an injustice

News media

A broad term that includes newspapers, magazines, radio, television, internet sources, blogs, and social media postings that cover important events.

Social media

Forms of electronic communication that enable users to create and share content or to participate in social networking

Agenda setting

The media’s ability to highlight certain issues and bring them to the attention of the public.

Mass media

Sources of information designed to reach a wide audience, including newspaper, radio, television, and internet outlets

Wire service

An organization that gathers and reports on news and then sells the stories to other outlets

Investigative journalism

An approach to newsgathering in which reporters dig into stories, often looking for instances of wrongdoing.

Media consolidation

The concentration of ownership of the media into fewer corporations

Partisan bias

The slanting of political news coverage in support of a particular political party or ideology

Horse-race journalism

Coverage of political campaigns that focuses more on the drama of the campaign than on policy issues