Chapter 6- Organic chemistry
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34 Terms
What is organic chemistry?
The chemistry of carbon compounds
How many bonds can carbon form?
Carbon can form 4 strong covalent bonds with itself
What is a hydrocarbon?
Molecules that contain only hydrogen and carbon
What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon that contains at least one double carbon-carbon bond
What is a saturated hydrocarbon?
A hydrocarbon that contains only single carbon-carbon bonds
What is a molecular formula?
Shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule.
What is an empirical formula?
Shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.
What is a general formula?
Represents a homologous series using an algebraic expression.
What is a homologous series?
A homologous series is a group of organic compounds that have the same functional group, the same general formula and the same chemical properties
What is a structural formula?
Shows how atoms are arranged in a molecule without drawing bonds
What is a displayed formula?
Shows all bonds and atoms.
What is a skeletal formula?
Simplified representation where carbon atoms are at the ends and bends of lines, and hydrogens bonded to carbon atoms aren’t shown.
Write the molecular formula of hexane?
C6H14
What is the empirical formula of hexane?
C3H7
What is the general formula of hexane?
CnH2n+2
What is structural formula of hexane?
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
What is the displayed formula of hexane?
What is the skeletal formula of hexane?
What is a functional group?
A functional group is an atom or group of atoms within a molecule that gives the molecule its reactivity and can determine its physical and chemical properties. (e.g. the double C=C bond in alkanes)
What is the IUPAC naming system?
This is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry system for naming organic compounds. It is an international language for chemistry that can name any organic compound.
What is nomenclature?
The naming of organic compounds
What are the prefixes for the first 10 organic compounds?
Number of C atoms | Molecular formula of straight-chain alkane | Name of alkane | Stem used in naming |
|---|---|---|---|
1 | CH4 | methane | meth- |
2 | C2H6 | ethane | eth- |
3 | C3H8 | propane | prop- |
4 | C4H10 | butane | but- |
5 | C5H12 | pentane | pent- |
6 | C6H14 | hexane | hex- |
7 | C7H16 | heptane | hept- |
8 | C8H18 | octane | oct- |
9 | C9H20 | nonane | non- |
10 | C10H22 | decane | dec- |
What are the steps in naming organic compounds?
Find the longest carbon chain (gives you the stem)
Identify the main functional group (determines the suffix or prefix).
Number the carbon chain to give the lowest possible numbers to functional groups. (if theres more than one longest chain, pick the one with the most side chains)
Any side-chains or less important functional groups are added as prefixes at the start of the name. Put them in alphabetical order, after the number of the carbon atom each is attached to.
If there's more than one identical side-chain or functional group, use di- (2), tri- (3) or tetra- (4) before that part of the name — but ignore this when working out the alphabetical order.
Use commas between numbers and hyphens between letters and numbers.
What are the prefixes and suffixes of the common functional groups?
Ester - alkyl- -oate
amine - alkyl- -amine
Nitrile - -nitrile
How would you name this?
What is an addition reaction?
An addition reaction is an organic reaction in which two (or more) molecules combine to give a single product with no other products
What is a polymerisation reaction?
Where small monomers join to make a long-chain polymer
What is a substitution reaction?
A substitution reaction is a reaction that involves replacing an atom or group of atoms by another
What is an elimination reaction?
An elimination reaction is a reaction in which a small molecule (such as H2O or HCl) is removed from an organic molecule
What is a hydrolysis reaction?
A hydrolysis reaction is a reaction in which a compound is broken down by water (it can also refer to the breakdown of a substance by dilute acids or alkali)
What is a condensation reaction?
A condensation reaction is a reaction in which two organic molecules join together and in the process eliminate small molecules (such as H2O or HCl)
What is an oxidation reaction?
The gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen
What is a reduction reaction?
The gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen
MECHANISM THEN ISOMERS!