Orgo1 Test 1

how many bonds does sp3 have

4 sigma bonds

how many bonds does sp2 have

3 sigma bond 1 pi bond

how many bonds does sp have

2 sigma 2 pi

how many orbitals does sp3 have

1s 3p (4)

how many orbitals does sp2 have

1s 2p (3)

how many orbitals does sp have

1s 1p (2)

Whats the vespr model for sp3

tetrahedral 109.5

what is the vespr model of sp2

trigonal planar 120

whats the vespr model of sp

linear 180

where on periodic tabke is electronaegativity the highest

top right

hydrophobic molecules are ____

non polar

All of the compounds have a dipole moment of ______

zero

All of the compounds have a dipole moment of _____

above zero

A trans direction will have elements on a lewis strucutre going ______ directions

opposite

A cis direction will have elements on a lewis strucutre going ______ directions

similar

• intermolecular attractions between molecules that have permanent dipoles (polar molecules)

• differences in electronegativity. This creates:

  • a partial positive charge (δ⁺) on one side

  • a partial negative charge (δ⁻) on the other side

dipole dipole forces

Dipole-dipole attractions between hydrogen atoms bonded to small, strongly electronegative atoms (O, N, or F)

hydrogen bonds

What is the functional group

alkanes

What is the functional group

alkenes

What is the functional group

alkynes

What is the functional group

arenes

What is the functional group

alkyl halides

What is the functional group

aryl halides

What is the functional group

alcohol

What is the functional group

phenol

What is the functional group

ethers

What is the functional group

aldehydes

What is the functional group

ketones

What is the functional group

carboxylic acid

What is the functional group

Acyl halide

What is the functional group

anhydride

What is the functional group

esters

What is the functional group

amides

What is the functional group

amines

What is the functional group

nitriles

What is the functional group

nitro compounds

What is the functional group

thiol

What is the functional group

sulfide

The bond electron pair is retained by one of the bonded atoms with formation of ions.

heterolytic cleavage

The bonded electron pair is distributed equally between the two bonded atoms (one each) with formation of radical.

homolysis

brownsted lowry acid

proton donor

brownsted lowry base

proton acceptor

When an acid donates a proton, it is converted to its

conjugate base

When a base accepts a proton, it is converted to its

conjugate acid

The _____ the elctronegativity is the stronger and more stable the acid will be

larger

The ______ the size of an atom the more stable and larger pKa a conjugate base will have

larger

an atom being more spread out (resonance delocalization) does what?

makes acid stonger

A negative charge means there are “too many electrons” crowded in one area. An electronegative atom like Cl, N, F, or O acts like an electron “puller.” It pulls some electron density toward itself. So the negative charge becomes less concentrated and more stable.

Electron-withdrawing inductive effect

How can you tell if a negative charge can delocalize

next to double bond or positive charge

Groups like CH₃ push electron density toward the negative charge.

That makes the negative charge MORE crowded and LESS stable.

Less stable conjugate base = weaker acid.

electron donating group

What is the order of hybridization that contributes to stability the most

sp> sp2> sp3

solvent molecules surround a stabalize ions however too many makes them bulky…

making them unstable

higher the Ka = ______ = _______

lower pka= stronger acid

how do you know which side of a reaction will be favored at equilibrium

higher pka

accepts a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

lewis acid

donates a pair of electrons to form a new covalent bond

lewis base

reagents that seek electrons to achieve a stable shell of electrons (octet) like that of a noble gas (carboncations and lewis acids)

electrophile

carboncations are lewis ____

acids

Lewis base that seek a positive center such as a positively charged carbon atom (carbonanion)

nucleophile

compounds with the same molecular formula but a different connectivity

(order of attachment of their atoms)

constitutional isomers

prefix where there is 1 carbon

meth-

prefix where there is 2 carbon

eth-

prefix where there is 3 carbon

prop-

prefix where there is 4 carbon

but-

prefix where there is 5 carbon

pent-

prefix where there is 6 carbon

hex-

prefix where there is 7 carbon

hept-

prefix where there is 8 carbon

oct-

prefix where there is 9 carbon

non-

prefix where there is 10 carbon

dec-

prefix where there is 11 carbon

undec-

prefix where there is 12 carbon

dodec-

prefix where there is 13 carbon

tridec-

prefix where there is 14 carbon

tetradec-

prefix where there is 15 carbon

pentadec-

prefix where there is 16 carbon

hexadec-

prefix where there is 17 carbon

heptadec-

prefix where there is 18 carbon

octadec-

prefix where there is 19 carbon

nonadec-

prefix where there is 20 carbon

eicos-

Name the alkyl group

isopropy

Name the alkyl group

sec-butyl

Name the alkyl group

isobutyl

Name the alkyl group

tert-butyl

Name the alkyl group

isopentyl

Name the alkyl group

neopentyl