Genetics Exam No. 1

What are anabolic enzymes?

They are involved in building large molecules from smaller ones. They require energy.

When did the Human Genome Project start?

1990

What was the objective of the Human Genome Project?

To decode our genome

Genome

All of the DNA found within all of our chromosomes

What four features do all cells contain?

Ribsomes, chromosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membranes

How many pairs of chromosomes do most human cells contain?

23 (46 total)

True or False: Most human cells contain 2 meters of DNA

True

In human cells, there are approximately _______ genes coding for proteins

20,000

True or False: Human cells contain approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs per set of chromosomes

True

Genetics

The study of heredity and variation

Gene (classic definition)

a ‘unit’ of heredity

Gene (modern definition)

A segment of DNA that produces a functional product

Genes provide the blueprint that determines ______.

Traits

Traits

Physical or behavioral observable characteristics of an organism

What four types of large molecules do cells contain?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Why aren’t lipids considered a true macromolecule?

They do not form polymers

What is a monomer?

A simple unit of a macromolecule

What is a polymer?

A complex unit of a macromolecule

What is a monomer of a carbohydrate called?

Monosaccharide

What is a polymer of a carbohydrate called?

Polysaccharide

What is a monomer of a lipid called?

Fatty acid

What is a monomer of a protein called?

Amino acid

What is a polymer of a protein called?

Polypeptide

What is a monomer of a nucleic acid called?

Nucleotide

What is a polymer of a nucleic acid called?

Polynucleotide

What bond connects carbohydrates?

Glycosidic

What bond connects proteins?

Peptide bonds

What bond connects nucleic acids?

Phosphodiester bonds

What are the steps of the central dogma?

DNA replication (DNA —>DNA)

Transcription (DNA —>RNA)

Translation (RNA —>Protein)

What is used to make long strands of DNA?

Nucleotide building blocks

The suffix -ase means

Enzyme

The suffix -ose means

carbohydrate

The prefix pro- means

before

The prefix eu- means

true

-kary- means

Nucleus or nuclear content

True or false: Prokaryotes are usually bacteria and archaea

True

How do prokaryotes reproduce?

Asexual reproduction (binary fission)

Where do eukaryotes hold DNA?

In the nucleus and membrane bound organelles

True or False: Eukaryotes can reproduce both sexually and asexually

True

A ___________ is composed of a linear sequence of amino acids.

Polypeptide

True or False: Protein have the simplest functions of all macromolecules

False

Each ________ is composed of one or more polypeptides.

Protein

What determines many of the characteristics of a cell?

The proteins it produces

Proteome

All of the proteins that a cell makes at a given time

What is tubulin?

A structural protein that plays a role in cell shape and movement.

What does tubular do?

It aggregates to form microtubules.

What do transport proteins do?

Aid in the transport of ions and small molecules are the membrane

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions

True or False: Enzymes are never used up

True

What is a catabolic enzyme?

Enzyme that is involved in breaking down large molecules into smaller ones. They provide energy.

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The genetic material in all living organisms

True or False: Some viruses use RNA as their genetic material

True

DNA stores and codes the information required to ___________________.

Synthesize all celluar proteins

What allows DNA to store and code information

Its molecular structure

How many nitrogenous bases does a nucleotide contain?

One

How many nitrogenous bases create one amino acid?

Three

Where is DNA in living cells contained?

In chromosomes

True or False: Chromosomes have both proteins and DNA

True

True of False: The average human chromosome contains over 100 million nucleotides per DNA strand

True

True of False: The average human chromosome contains about 1,000 different genes

True

How many pairs of chromosomes are autosomes?

22

Why is the 23rd chromosome pair unique from the rest?

It is the sex chromosome

In the sex chromosome, what does XX mean?

The person is female

In the sex chromosome, what does XY mean?

The person is male

What is the process that accesses the information within DNA?

Gene expression

What are the two steps of gene expression?

Transcription and translation

What happens during transcription?

DNA is copied by RNA

What happens during translation?

The RNA created from transciption is used to create the amino acid sequence of proteins

Protein

The chemical manifestation of a trait

True or False: A trait is any characteristic that an organism displays

True

Morphological traits

Traits that affect the appearance of the organism

Physiological traits

Traits that affect the function of the organism

Behavioral traits

Traits that affect the ways an organism responds to the environment

What are the four levels of biological organization from smallest to largest?

Molecular, Cellular, Organism, Population

Genes are expressed at the ________ level.

Molecular

Proteins are expressed at the ________ level.

Cellular

Traits are expressed at the ________ level.

Organism

Genes/Traits within a particular species are expressed at the ________ level.

Population

True or False: Genes do not encode for proteins

False

What is genetic variation?

Differences in inherited tratits among individuals within a population

Gene mutation

When a change in the original sequence occurs

Gene mutation leads to two or more expression forms or ______ of the same gene

Alleles

True or False: Gene mutation can also occur due to change in chromosome structure

True

True or False: Gene mutation can also occur due to change in chromosome number

True

Traits are a result of interaction between ___________________.

Genes and the environment

True or False: Mitochrondrial DNA is passed from father to child

False

What is PKU?

Phenylketonuria, a human genetic disease

What does phenylalanine hydroxylase do?

Convert phenylalanine to tyrosine

What is tyrosine used for?

Neurotransmitters

What happens when a human only has two copies of a rare inactive allele that cannot metabolize phenylalanine properly?

Phenylketones accumulate and the brain gradually deconstructs

What is the locus?

Where a gene is found on a chromosome

How can someone with PKU treat it

By having a low/no protein and dairy diet

Who provided the foundation for the science of genetics?

Gregor Mendel

What does it mean for a species to be diploid?

To have two copies of each chromosome

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

Haploid

Does the father or mother determine the sex of the child?

Father

What are gametes?

Sex cells, egg or sperm cells

Biological evolution

The change of the genetic makeup of a population over many generations?

Natural selection

The process in which individuals with greater reproductive success are more likely to pass their genes to future generations