Diagnostic -- Microbiology Final

DDx: UTI

Symptoms: Freq. urination, burning, cloudy urine

--geriatric patient behavioral change

Bacteria: E. Coli

DDx: STI / Gonorrhea

Symptoms: painful urination + discharge

Bacteria: Neiserria gonorrhoea

DDx: STI / Chlamydia

Symptoms: asymptomatic / painful urination + discharge

Bacteria: Chlamydia trachomatis

DDx: STI / Syphilis

Symptoms: painless ulcers, fever, rash hands/feet, hair loss

Bacteria: Treponema pallidum (spirochetes)

DDx: STI / Trichomoniasis

Symptoms: asymptomatic, preterm labor, low birth weight

Protozoa: Trichomonas vaginalis

DDx : STD / HHV-2

symptoms: fluid filled vesicles, malaise, anorexia, fever, swelling

sequelae: secondary meningitis, encephalitis

Provirus

DDx: STD / HPV

symptoms: tiny flat bumps --> cauliflower masses. asymptomatic

oncovirus: cervical cancer, penile, anal, oral cancers

provirus

DDx : STD / HepB

provirus

oncovirus

sequale: liver problems

DDx: Pharyngitis (Bacterial)

symptoms: severe pain, headache, fever, nausea. pus on tonsils

sequale: scarlet fever, rheumatic fever

bacteria: Streptococcus pyogenes

DDx: Pharyngitis (Viral)

symptoms: mild symptoms, hoarseness.

virus: rhinovirus, adenovirus, influenza, coronavirus

DDx: Common Cold

Symptoms: runny nose, pharyngitis, cough, not typically fever (*pedes)

Virus: Rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenoviruses, RSV

DDx: Sinusitis

Symptom: allergies. if infectious, viral

*can be bacterial or fungal

DDx: Acute otitis media

pcdr: 72*hr watch period. uncomplicated if fever < 104*C

Bacteria: Streptococcus pneumonia

*concomitant sinusitis: viral

DDx: Pneumonia (Viral) [COVID-19]

Symptoms: asymptomatic / systemic

sequelae: dmg blood vessels, blood clots

Virus: SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2)

DDx: Pneumonia (Bacterial) [HAP/HCAP]

beta-hemolytic

Bacteria: Streptococcus Pneumoniae

DDx: Influenza

symptoms: flu-like

Viral

DDx: Whooping Cough / Pertussis

symptom: uncontrollable cough

prevnt: DTaP / Tdap

Bacteria: Bdetella pertussis

DDx: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

pcdr: children --> hospital

DDx: Tuberculosis

pcdr: PPD test

Bacteria: Mycrobacterium tuberculosis

DDx: Acute Diarrhea (Bacterial)

symptoms: 3+ loose stools in 24hrs

Bacteria: Salmonella sp., Shigella sp., Escherchia coli, Clostrididiodies difficile

Salmonella sp.: chicken carcass

Shigella sp.: close quarter food consumption / symptoms: pyrogen mucosa dmg, shiga toxin nerve dmg

E. coli (STEC): close quarter fod consumption / symptoms: mild gastroenteritis --> hemolytic uremic Syndrome

C. jejuni: spirilium, meat. gullian barre synddrome

Clostridioides difficile: superinfection, pseudomembranous colitis

Vibrio cholerae: choleratoxin

*leading cause of death in children worldwide

DDx: Acute Diarrhea (Protozoal)

symptoms: 3+ loose stools in 24hrs

Protozoa: Cryptosporidium

chlorine/disinfectant resistant. swimming pools

DDx: Acute Diarrhea (Viral)

symptoms: 3+ loose stools in 24hrs

Virus: Rotavirus, norovirus

rotavirus: fecal-oral, food, water, fomites / symptooms: fever --> vomiting --> dehydration --> shock

norovirus: fecal-oral, vomiting, mild fever

DDx: Diarrhea chronic (Bacterial)

symptoms: 14+ days of loose stools

Bacteria: E. Coli

DDx: Diarrhea chronic (Protozoal)

symptoms: 14+ days of loose stools

Protozoa: Giarda lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica

DDx: Food poisoning (24h)

Bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens

S. aureus: unrefridgerated food, high salt tol.

B. cereus: Rice, pasta, meat, veggies

C. perfringens: Raw meat, poultry

DDx: Hep. A/E

virus: Hepatitis A and E

fecal-oral

sequale: liver dmg

shellfish, blood, fecal contaminated food

DDx: Viral Meningitis

Enterovirus, mumps, herpesvirus, varicella, measles, influenza, west nile...

diagnose brd spx abx

lumbar puncture csf --> elisa; glass test

DDx: Bacterial Meningitis

Bacteria: S. pneumo, group B strep, S. aureus, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, L. monocytogenes, E. Coli

IV abx

*pneumococcal, meningococcal, hib conjugate vaccines

DDx: Fungal/Protozal menigitis

fungi: cryptococcus, histoplasma, blastomyces

protozoa: n. fowleri

diagnose IV antifungal

DDx: Zika Virus Disease

symptom: Microencephalopathy, Guillain-Barre syndrome

STI + mosquito vector

DDx: Poliomyelitis

virus: Poliovirus

symptoms: neuronal defects, muscularskeletal, joint deformities

DDx: Acute Encephalitis

secondary to primary infections

Viral: HHV

lumbar puncture, CT

DDx: Rabies

viral: rabies virus

symptoms: slow progressive encephalitis (salivary glands --> brain)

saliva PCR

DDx: Tetanus

Bacterial: Clostridium tetani (endospores)

Symptoms: Spsastic paralysis

IV abx, Antitoxin meds

*DTaP / Tdap

DDx: Botulism

Bacterial: Clostridium botulinum (endospores)

symptoms: inhibition of muscle contraction

IV abx, antitoxin meds

DDx: Malaria

protozoal: Plasmodium falciparum

mosquito bio-vector

symptoms: systemic infection

Blood smear + PCR

DDx: HIV

Viral: +ssRNA enverloped w/ reverse transcriptase

Provirus CD4 T-Cells

Die from secondary infection

signs of systemic infection

<200 T cells / m^3 blood (AIDS)

ELISA

DDx: Endocarditis

Bacterial: S. aureus, S. pyogenes

Tests: Catalase, microscopy

*drug use

DDx: Septicemia --> Sepsis

Bacterial: S. aureus, S. pyogenes, E. coli

Primary inf. can get worse acutely

Local inf. --> septicemia --> sepsis --> septic shock --> MODS / immune system dysfunction

DDx: Lyme Disesase

Bacteria: Borrelia burgdorferi

signs of systemic infection

bullseye rash

vector tick, host human

DDx: Mononucleosis

Viral: Esptein-Barr Virus (EBV)\

symptoms: systemic infection

infects B cells

provirus / oncovirus

DDx: MRSA

Bacterial: S. aureus

exotoxins type I + type II

Abx resistant

tests: blood agar, mannitol salt, catalase

DDx: Maculopapular rash diseases (Measles)

Viral: Measles virus

Symptoms: Sore throat, dry cough, headache, fever, koplik's spots

Respiratory/rash (highly contag.)

ELISA

DDx: Maculopapular rash diseases (Rubella)

Viral: Rubivirus

"3 day measles"

respiratory/rash

ELISA

DDx: Maculopapular rash diseases (Roseola)

Viral: HHV-6

high fever w/o w/out rash

DDx: Impetigo

superficial honey-colored bacterial inf.

bacterial: s. pyogenes, s. aureus

topical/oral abx.

DDx; Celluitis

Bacterial: s. pyogenes, s. aureus

symptoms: inf./inflammation of area, visible redness

**immunocompromised patients

Oral/IV abx

Ddx: SSSS

Bacterial. S. aureus (exotoxin)

mostly newborns

Iv abx

DDx: Vesicular (serous): Chicken Pox / Shingles

rash w/ non-pus filled vesicles

Viral: Varicella Zoster Virus (Chicken Pox/Shingles)

DDx: Pustular (purulent): Folliculitis / Leishmaniasis

rash w/ pus filled vesiciles

bactierla: S. aureus "Folliculitis" - abx

protozoal: Leishmania sp. "Leishmaniasis" - antiparasitic

DDx: Cutaneous or superficial mycoses (Tinea Infection)

Tinea infection:

Fungal: dermatophytes: microsporum sp., epidermophyton sp., trichophyton sp.

Tinea capitis (scalp), Tinnea corporis (ringworm), Tinea unguium/onychomycosis (nails), crucis (jock itch), pedis (athlete's foot)

Topical afg

DDx: Conjunctivitis (Bacterial)

Symptoms: milky (purulent)

Bacterial: babies (N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis) infant/adult (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, S. pyogenes, Haemophuilus influenzae, Moraxella sp.)

DDx: Conjunctivitis (Viral)

Symptoms: clear (serous)

Viral: adenovirus (sometimes varicella-zoster, HHV)