US History 1 Honors Final Exam Study Guide
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131 Terms
What was Manifest Destiny?
The belief that the U.S. was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
Who coined the term Manifest Destiny?
John L. Osullivan
Who painted American Progress?
John Gast
What did American Progress symbolize?
Westward expansion and the spread of American settlement, technology, and culture.
Who founded the Mormon Church?
Joseph Smith in 1830.
Who led the Mormons west?
Brigham Young
What was the Oregon Trail used for?
Settlement in the Oregon Territory.
What was the Santa Fe Trail used for?
Trade between Missouri and Santa Fe.
Who were the impresarios?
Agents who recruited settlers to Texas in exchange for land grants from Mexico.
Who was Stephen F. Austin?
The "Father of Texas" and the most successful empresario.
Who was Sam Houston?
Commander of the Texan army and first president of the Republic of Texas.He played a key role in the Texas Revolution and led troops to victory at the Battle of San Jacinto.
Who was Santa Anna?
President of Mexico who led Mexican forces during the Texas Revolution.
What happened at the Alamo?
Texan defenders fought for 13 days before being defeated by Mexican forces.
What battle secured Texas independence?
The Battle of San Jacinto.
What was the Republic of Texas?
An independent nation that existed from 1836–1845.
What does annex mean?
To add territory to an existing country.
What slogan was used during the Oregon dispute?
"54°40' or Fight!"
What boundary settled the Oregon dispute?
The 49th Parallel.
What river did Texas claim as its border?
The Rio Grande.
What river did Mexico claim as Texas's border?
The Nueces River.
What treaty ended the Mexican-American War?
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848).
What territories did Mexico give up?
California and the New Mexico Territory.
Who discovered gold at Sutter's Mill?
James W. Marshall
Who were the Forty-Niners?
People who rushed to California seeking gold in 1849.
What was the Treaty of Fort Laramie?
An agreement between the U.S. government and Plains tribes regarding travel routes and tribal lands.
What was assimilation?
Adopting another group's culture and traditions.
What was capitalism?
An economic system based on private ownership and profit.
Who invented the telegraph?
Samuel Morse
What was the fastest land transportation method?
The railroad.
Why did Mexico invite settlers into Texas?
To increase population, strengthen control, and defend against Native American attacks.
Why did Americans want to move west?
For cheap land, economic opportunities, gold, religious freedom, and a fresh start.
Why were Northerners opposed to annexing Texas?
They feared Texas would become a slave state and upset the balance in Congress.
Why did Southerners support annexing Texas?
They wanted to expand slavery and gain more political influence.
Why did Mormons leave Illinois?
They faced religious persecution.
Why did the Texas Revolution begin?
Conflicts over culture, slavery, immigration restrictions, and Santa Anna's policies.
What happened at Goliad?
Hundreds of captured Texan soldiers were executed by Mexican forces.
Why is the phrase "Remember the Alamo!" important?
It inspired Texans and encouraged them to fight for independence.
How did the Mexican-American War contribute to sectional conflict?
It reopened the debate over whether slavery would expand into new territories.
What was the significance of the Oregon Trail?
It helped thousands of settlers move west and populate Oregon.
What was the significance of the Santa Fe Trail?
It increased trade and economic connections between the Southwest and the United States.
What role did cheap land play in westward expansion?
It encouraged many Americans to move west to start farms and build new lives.
How did Manifest Destiny affect Native Americans?
It led to the loss of land, broken treaties, forced relocation, and pressure to assimilate
Who was James. K Polk
The 11th president of the United States who strongly supported Manifest Destiny and westward expansion.
Why was James K. Polk important to expansionism?
He helped annex Texas, settled the Oregon boundary dispute, and led the nation during the Mexican-American War.
What were the three main goals of the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851)?
Native Americans would allow roads and forts, avoid attacking settlers, and the U.S. government would provide payments and respect tribal lands.
Did the Treaty of Fort Laramie successfully stop westward settlement?
No. Settlers continued moving west, and the U.S. government often failed to uphold the treaty.
What was the Aroostook War?
A border dispute between the United States and Great Britain involving Maine and New Brunswick that ended peacefully.
What were the three promises Mexico required American settlers in Texas to make?
To obey Mexican law, become Mexican citizens, and convert to Catholicism.
What were the three major results of the Mexican-American War?
The U.S. gained vast new territory, sectional conflict over slavery increased, and Manifest Destiny was largely achieved.
. What event immediately triggered the California Gold Rush?
The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in California in 1848.
What does antebellum mean
Before war
What issue most divided the North and South?
The expansion and future of slavery.
What was the Missouri Compromise?
An agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state while establishing the 36°30′ line.
Which states entered under the Missouri Compromise?
Missouri (slave) and Maine (free).
What line did the Missouri Compromise establish?
The 36°30′ line.
What did the 36°30′ line determine?
Slavery would be prohibited north of the line and allowed south of it in the Louisiana Territory.
What was the Wilmot Proviso?
A proposal to ban slavery in territory gained from Mexico
Did the Wilmot Proviso pass?
No.
Why was the Wilmot Proviso important?
It increased sectional tensions over slavery.
What was the Compromise of 1850?
A series of laws designed to reduce conflict between the North and South.
What state entered as free under the Compromise of 1850?
California.
Which territories used popular sovereignty under the Compromise of 1850?
Utah and NM
What happened to the slave trade in Washington, D.C.?
It was abolished
Did the Compromise of 1850 abolish slavery in Washington, D.C.?
No, only the slave trade was abolished.
What law strengthened protections for slaveholders?
The Fugitive Slave Act.
What was the Fugitive Slave Act?
A law requiring escaped enslaved people to be returned to their owners.
Why did Northerners oppose the Fugitive Slave Act?
They believed it was unfair and forced citizens to participate in slavery.
What rights were denied to alleged fugitives under the Fugitive Slave Act?
They could not testify in court and were denied jury trials.
What were Personal Liberty Laws?
Northern laws designed to protect the rights of alleged fugitives
Why did Northern states pass Personal Liberty Laws?
To resist the Fugitive Slave Act.
What was the Underground Railroad?
A secret network that helped enslaved people escape to freedom.
Who was Harriet Tubman?
A former enslaved woman who became a conductor on the Underground Railroad.
What nickname was Harriet Tubman given?
"Moses.
What was Uncle Tom's Cabin?
A novel exposing the harsh realities of slavery.
Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin?
Harriet Beecher Stowe.
How did Uncle Tom's Cabin affect Northerners?
It increased opposition to slavery.
How did Uncle Tom's Cabin affect Southerners?
Many Southerners felt it unfairly attacked their way of life.
What is popular sovereignty?
The idea that settlers in a territory should vote on whether slavery would be allowed.
Who promoted popular sovereignty?
Stephen A. Douglas.
What did the Kansas-Nebraska Act do?
It created Kansas and Nebraska territories and allowed popular sovereignty.
What compromise did the Kansas-Nebraska Act repeal?
The Missouri Compromise.
Why did Northerners oppose the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
It opened previously free territories to slavery.
What was Bleeding Kansas?
A period of violent conflict between proslavery and antislavery settlers in Kansas.
Why is Bleeding Kansas important?
It showed that compromise over slavery was failing.
Who were the Border Ruffians?
Proslavery Missourians who crossed into Kansas to influence elections.
What was the Sack of Lawrence?
A proslavery attack on the antislavery town of Lawrence, Kansas.
Who was John Brown?
A radical abolitionist who believed violence was justified to end slavery.
What was the Pottawatomie Massacre?
John Brown's killing of five proslavery settlers in Kansas.
Why did John Brown carry out the Pottawatomie Massacre?
He wanted revenge for proslavery violence and hoped to stop slavery's expansion.
Who was Charles Sumner?
A Massachusetts senator and outspoken abolitionist.
Who was Preston Brooks?
A South Carolina congressman who attacked Charles Sumner.
Why did Preston Brooks attack Charles Sumner?
Sumner had criticized slavery and insulted Brooks's relative.
How did Northerners react to the caning of Sumner?
They were outraged.
How did many Southerners react to the caning of Sumner?
They praised Brooks.
Why was the Sumner-Brooks incident significant?
It showed that sectional tensions had become violent.
What is nativism?
Favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.
What was the Know-Nothing Party?
A political party that was anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic.
Why were they called Know-Nothings?
Members often responded, "I know nothing," when questioned about the party.
What was the Free-Soil Party?
A political party opposed to the expansion of slavery into western territories.
Did Free-Soilers necessarily support racial equality?
No.