Anatomy 36-Physiology-Lab Final

5180 micrometers are equal to ______ mm

5.18

Endocrine gland

A ductless gland that releases hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Negative Feedback

A control mechanism where the output of a system reduces or shuts off its own production.

Target

A cell or tissue that a hormone acts on.

Receptor

A protein on or in a cell that binds a specific hormone or signal.

(HPT) axis

Hormone pathway: hypothalamus → pituitary → thyroid regulating metabolism.

TRH (thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Hormone from hypothalamus that stimulates TSH release.

TSH (thyrotropin)

Hormone from pituitary that stimulates the thyroid gland.

Thyroglobulin

Protein in the thyroid that stores thyroid hormone precursors.

Tyrosine

An amino acid used to make thyroid hormones.

T3 (triiodothyronine)

Active thyroid hormone; stronger, faster acting.

T4 (thyroxine) .

Less active thyroid hormone; converted into T3 in tissues.

Thyroxine

Another name for T4

Endemic

A disease commonly found in a specific geographic area.

PTU (propylthiouracil)

Drug that blocks thyroid hormone production.

Thyroidectomy

Surgical removal of the thyroid gland.

Hypophysectomy

Surgical removal of the pituitary gland.

Myogenic

Originating from muscle (e.g., heart contracting without nerve input).

Chronotropic agent

Affects heart rate

Inotropic agent

Affects strength of heart contraction.

Adrenergic

Related to stimulation by adrenaline (epinephrine) or norepinephrine.

Sympathomimetic

Mimics the sympathetic nervous system (“fight or flight”).

Cholinergic

Related to acetylcholine activity.

Parasympathomimetic

Mimics the parasympathetic system (“rest and digest”)

Acetylcholinesterase

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine.

Catecholamine

Hormones like epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine.

Antagonist

Blocks or reduces the effect of a receptor or hormone.

Agonist

Activates or increases the effect of a receptor.

Automaticity

Ability of cardiac cells to generate their own electrical impulses without stimulation.

0.345 L equals _____ ml

345

Approximately how tall is your instructor?

178 cm

A reasonable weight for an average size person would be

75 kg

357 cc equals _______ ml

357

Water freezes at ______ degrees Celsius and boils at _____ degrees Celsius

0/100

70 degrees Celsius is equal to ______ degrees Fahrenheit

158

If there are 2.2 pounds to a kilogram, how much does a 160 pound person weigh in kilograms?

72.7 kg

The diameter of a human cell would best be expressed im

micrometers

If the ocular lens has a 10x magnification and the objective lens has a 30x magnification, then the total magnification is

300x

The three principles of good microscopy are:

Magnification-Resolutions-Contrast

Mark "True" if the following hypothesis is testable and "False" if the hypothesis is NOT testable.

Bleach can be used to treat a plugged drainage pipe

True

Mark "True" if the following hypothesis is testable and "False" if the hypothesis is NOT testable.

Rose petals will protect an individual against evil spirits

False

Mark "True" if the following hypothesis is testable and "False" if the hypothesis is NOT testable.

My car won't start because I did not say my prayers last night.

False

Mark "True" if the following hypothesis is testable and "False" if the hypothesis is NOT testable.

The human heart beats about 3 billion times in a life-time

True

66.67% of measured data will fall between the calculated limits.

Standard deviation

Average value of a set of data

Mean

The arithmetic difference between the lowest and the highest value in the group

Range

The data point in the middle of a data set when the data are put in numerical order.

Median

The value that occurs most frequently in a group of measurements

Mode

The following heart size data (in g) were obtained from a hypertension experiment with rats.

Control Group Hypertension Group

3.5. 6.0

3.2 5.8

3.7 6.2

3.2 5.5

4.0 3.8

3.4 6.1

The average heart size in the hypertension group is

5.6 g

How would you graph the data in the previous question?

Bar graph

What do you think would be the outcome of a t-test using the data in the hypertension experiment? In other words, do you expect that there would be a significant difference between the control group and the hypertension group or not?

Yes, I think there is a significant difference.

The movement of molecules due to heat energy is often referred to as

Brownian movement

Methylene blue diffuses slower into the agar than KMnO4 because it is

heavier

The movement of materials through a membrane as a consequence of some physical force such as hydrostatic pressure is called

filtration

In the filtration experiment, a mixture of a crystalloid substance (ferric chloride), a colloid substance (starch) and a substance forming a suspension (charcoal) in water were filtered. What substance or substances (besides water) did ilter through (as per information given to you in the video recording)?

the crystalloid only

In a filtration experiment, what determines which substances can pass through the filtration membrane?

pore size of the filter paper

A substance that forms particles too large to form a true solution but small enough to be kept in permanent suspension by forces such as Brownian movement is called a

colloid

The term that describes any substance going from high to low concentration is

diffusion

Of the following, only ________ require(s) energy.

active transport

A red blood cell is considered to contain 0.9% salt (NaCl). WHen these cells are places in distilled water, the cells are ________ in comparison to the water.

hypertonic

When red blood cells are placed in distilled water, the red blood cells

burst due to osmosis

When red blood cells are place in 0.9% salt solution, the red blood cells

do not change

The bursting of red blood cells due to osmosis is known as

hemolysis

in the transport lab (dialysis experiment), Uristix were used to detect the presence of _______ in the breaker water.

glucose and protein

Silver nitrate can be used to detect the presence of

salt

Iodine can be used to detect the presence of

starch

Y0u know that your iodine test is positive when you see a

color change to dark blue

You know that your SIlver Nitrate test is positive when you see a

cloudy white precipitate

Two factors that affect the rate of diffusion are

heat and molecular weight

Ocean water is [answer 1] (hypertonic/isotonic/hypotonic) to human cells. Therefore, if you drink ocean water your cells will [answer 2] (gain/lose) water by osmosis and you end up being [answer 3] (more/less) hydrated than before. Consequently, you should [answer 4] (never/always) drink ocean water if you are in a boat on the ocean and very thirsty because you did not have access to water all day.

[answer 1] hypertonic

[answer 2] lose

[answer 3] less

[answer 4] never

Match the following enzymes/ substrates to the reaction it catalyzes.

emulsifies fat

bile salts

Match the following enzymes/ substrates to the reaction it catalyzes.

Releases monosaccharides into solution

amylase

Match the following enzymes/ substrates to the reaction it catalyzes.

The enzyme used in fat digestion

lipase

Match the following enzymes/ substrates to the reaction it catalyzes.

Enzyme used in a protein digestion

pepsin

Match the following enzymes/ substrates to the reaction it catalyzes.

Enzyme found in the gastric juice of young animals

rennin

Match the following enzymes/ substrates to the reaction it catalyzes.

Present in saliva and pancreatic juice

amylase

Converts casein to insoluble paracaseinate

rennin

Digestive enzymes catalyze which of the following chemical reaction?

hydrolysis

In our experiment, the enzymatic digestion of starch was affected by

the temperature of the reaction mixture and the enzyme concentration in the reaction mixture

In the protein digestion experiment, the strip of photographic film was

the substrate

When fat is digested by pancreatic juice

the pH decreases because fatty acids are released

Matching: please select the best answer choice for each term.

used as the substrate for pepsin

x-ray film

Matching: please select the best answer choice for each term.

turns orange/red in the presence of simple sugars and heat

Benedict's reagent

helps with the emulsification of fats

none of these

pH indicator

Litmus reagent

turns blue in the presence of starch

Lugol's iodine

turns pink/red as fats are digested

Litmus reagent

used as the substrate for lipase

condensed milk

A liquid containing simple sugars

Whey

Semisolid substance containing most of the protein in milk

Curd

The sum total of all the chemical reactions that occur inside of living cells

metabolism

the type of enzymatic reaction your body uses to break down the food you eat

hydrolysis

ENergy producing metabolism by which body cells obtain energy from nutrients

catabolism

metabolic pathways that use energy, e.g. making protein from amino acids

anabolism

The amount of energy needed to metabolize food for the day

specific dynamic action (SDA)

the amount of energy that will heat 1 liter of water from 19 to 20 degrees Celsius

kilocalorie

a reaction that release energy/heat into the environment

exothermic

BMR stands for

basal metabolic rate

BMR is a measure for

energy needed for basic life-sustaining functions

the enzyme's true substrate

succinic acid