Unit 5

Condensing (Prophase 1)

\-Doubled chromatin coils up to form identical sister chromatids

\-Chromosomes line up with homologous pairs

\-Tetrad chromosomes

Aligning (Metaphase 1)

\-Tetrad chromosomes

\-Homologous chromosomes line up at equator

Aligning (Anaphase 1)

\-Tetraploid number of chromosomes seprates

Cytokinesis (Telophase 1)

\-Results in 2 diploid cells

\-Gametes are formed

Condensing (Prophase II)

\-Spindle apparatus forms

\-Chromosomes condense

Aligning (Metaphase II)

\-Diploid number of chromosomes line up at equator

Aligning (Anaphase II)

\-Sister chromatids are pulled apart at centromere by spindle fibers

\-Sister chromatids move toward opposite poles

Cytokinesis (Telophase II)

\-Cytokinesis occurs resulting in 4 haploid cells

\-Gametes are formed

Haploid

1n cell

Diploid

2n cell (dad + mom)

Tetraploid

4n cell

Homologous Chromosomes

Chromosomes that make up a pair, one chromosome from each parent, same genes in same location

Crossing Over

Process that happens when chromosomes of the same type line up; chromosomes segments are exchanged between a pair of homologous chromosomes

Recombinat Chromosomes

Chromosomes after crossing over

Chiasmata

Point of contact, structure formed between homologous chromosomes during crossing over

Tetrad

Set of four chromosomes during crossing over and meiosis

Chromosomal Mutations

A mutation that happens to the chromosomes during meiosis

Nondisjunction

Faliure of protein that holds two sister chromatids together

Trisomy

Tripled entire chromosomes in offspring due to nondisjunction in one parents gametes

Monosmy

One instead of two chromosomes in the offspring due to nondisjunction in one parents gametes

Deletion Mutation

Part of a chromosome is left out during crossing over, it does not make the switch across to the homologous chromosome

Insertion/Duplication Mutation

During crossing over one of the chromosomes move but the other stays put resulting in two copies on one chromosome

Inversion Mutation

During crossing over, the DNA is looped so the swapped sections are re-inserted upside down

Translocation Mutation

Part of one chromosome breaks off and is added to a different, unrelated, not homologous chromosome

Mutation

Errors that may result in permenant change in cells DNA

3 parts in a nucleotide

1) A phosphate group

2) A Deoxyribose sugar

3) A Nitrogen base

4 Nitrogen Bases in DNA

Adenine

Thymine

Guanine

Cytosine

Bonds between nitrogen bases

Hydrogen bonds

Bonds between phosphate group and deoxyribose sugar

covalent bond

Double Helix

Twisted ladder shape, formed by two strand of nucleotides twisted around eachother

Antiparralel

Strand of bottom DNA runs (3’ to 5’) parallel to other strand but in opposite direction (5’ to 3’)

Helicase

Breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two peices of DNA together at the replication fork (point of separation)

DNA Polymerase

\-Creates new complimentary strand of DNA does so by attatching new nucleotides to original strand using hydrogen bonding and to the neighboring nucleotides through dehydration synthesis

\-Performs “proof-reading” function to ensue that the correct complimentary strand is being formed

Ligase

Connects together the backbones of the newly formed sections to make one continous strand using dehydration synthesis

Okazaki Fragments

Small segments that are synthesied discontinuosly by DNA polymerase

Protein Synthesis

Process in which mRNA is translated into an amino acid which is folded to make a protein

Gene Expression

When a gene gets turned on to make RNA and proteins

Codon

Three base code in DNA or mRNA that start the creation of a protein chain, add an amino acid to the protein chain and stop the creation of a protein chain

Anti-Codon

Three-base code on tRNA thats complementary to a codon that binds to the corresponding mRNA sequence to transfer the correct amino acids

Transcription

DNA is synthesized into mRNA

Translation

mRNA connects to the ribosome where the code is read and translated to make a protein

Introns

Interveining coding sequence that are missing from the final mRNA, these are tossed

Exons

The coding sequence that remains in the final mRNA during processing, these are kept

The Splicosome Complex

Series of enzymes that creates an mRNA molecule

mRNA Transcripts

Sections of mRNA that leave the nucleus and go to the cytoplasm ot give instructions to the ribosome

Template Strand

Strand of DNA read by RNA Polymerase

Nontemplate Strand

DNA strand not used as template strand

Primase

Creates a primer on a DNA strand by adding RNA nucleotides to the strand according to the DNA template

Location of DNA replication

Nucleus during synthesis of interphase

Location of transcription

Eukaryotes-nucleus

Prokaryotes-cytoplasm

Location of translation

Cytoplasm/Ribosome

Location of protein folding

Endoplasmic Reticulum

RNA Polymerase

Used in protein synthesis; reads one strand of DNA and adds complementary mRNA strand

rRNA

Primary component of ribosomes, non-coding

DNA Polymerase starts on what side of the DNA?

3’ Side

What direction does DNA Polymerase build the new strand of mRNA?

5’ to 3’ direction

Semi-Conservative Replication

Both DNA helixes contain a strand of new DNA and old DNA

What are the bonds between amino acids

Peptide bonds

How are amino acids hooked together

dehydration sythesis