Challenged in the Eco world - UK

How has the Uk economy changed from the past to the present

changed from an industrial powerhouse to a service-dominated economy

• 5% primary

• 12% secondary

• 83% services (tertiary + quaternary)

what is a good example of a post industrial economy

Cambridge

define science parks

a collection of scientific and technical knowledge-based businesses located on a single site e.g Cambridge science park

define business parks

a collection of businesses that are closely linked in the same supply chain or offer similar services that group together in a specific area that has been set aside for them e.g Biomedical centre

define post industrial economy

The shift in some HIC economies from producing goods to providing services e.g Cambridge

define globalisation

The process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected bc of increased trade and cultural sharing

By 1900, 1961, and 2011 what % of jobs were in secondary

55% in 1900

38% in 1961

10% in 2011

What is UK’s post industrial economy like

1) services e.g retail and entertainment → return employs 4m ppl in the UK

2) information - technology → over 1.7m ppl work in IT

3) finance - hole to may banking and financial TNC

4) research - in 2016 over £33b was spent on R&D (research n development) in UK

What are examples of science and business parks in UK

• Cambridge science park

→ established in 1970

→ By the A14 so easily accessed by cars

→ close to the Cambridge North station

• ARM

What caused changes to the UK economy

1) de-industrialisation

2) globalisation

3) government policies e.g minimum wages (higher labour cost) + lack of industrial strategies (decision on drilling oil+ gas or keeping the production of steel)

What are the UK biggest export market and imports

Biggest export : EU e.g Germany, USA

Most imports: Germany, USA, China

What are examples of government policies that affected UK’s economy

• joining the EU 1972

• Leaving the EU 2016

• Privatisation e.g water, rails, energy

• Removing taxes on businesses since 1980

What are examples of globalisation that affected UK’s economy

• Companies like Mark and Spencer’s moved their clothing manufacturing to countries like India and China to make bigger profit

• LIC and NIC becoming more industrialised and starting to produce goods more cheaply then UK

• TNC like Apple moving tertiary and quaternary operations to the UK. Apple employs 6,500 ppl across UK

What are examples of de-industrialisation that affected UK’s economy

Automation meant that factories n other secondary industries shut down bc robots replaced the jobs of ppl

What are examples of foreign direct investments in the UK

• Nisan, Honda → Big car factories

• Nuclear power station (Hinckley point) by China (funds $$) + France (provides skilled workers)

What is an example of industry in the Uk

Rolls Royce → makes engines and small modular reactors (SMRs)

What are the negative impacts of industry on the physical environment

1) Pollution (including GHG)

→ air, water, ground, noise, visual

2) use of natural resources

→ requires lots of energy n water e.g Ai

3) dmg to nearby habitats e.g Caracas iron mine

→ also releases toxic chemicals into rivers, lakes, oceans

what are some facts about Tor Quarry (case study)

• located in Somerset

• 7th largest in UK and produces limestone which is used for making concrete

• 75% of the products are transported by rail

• There’s a train station near the quarry

what are the environmental impacts of the Tor Quarry

• loss of habitat and animal + plant life

• visual pollution

• noise pollution from explosives and machinery

• water pollution

• air pollution from trucks + train e.g C02

what are Tor Quarry’s responses to the environmental impacts

Tree planting → restores habitat

• won prizes for becoming more environmentally sustainable

what are Tor Quarry’s responses to pollution

• to dig quarry deeper rather than wider into the surrounding countryside

• to monitor noise, vibrations, dust, and water quality regularly

• transport limestone by rail instead of lorries travelling on local village roads

what are Tor Quarry’s responses to use of natural resources

to create a lake that will provide water to the local water supply

what are Tor Quarry’s responses to damaged habitats

• plans to create two wildlife lakes in areas where they have stopped working

• landscaping 200 acres of land by planting trees

what is the UK’s history (related to its relationship to the world)

• used to have empires and colonies e.g India, today, there is the Commonwealth (like a club)

• in 1973 we joined the EU which became the biggest and most integrated market in the world. In 2016 we left the EU

how is the UK connected to the wider world through trade

• Uk exports over £800bn of goods + services each year

Most = services

• The EU + USA are our biggest export market

• we have TNC like BP

how is the UK connected to the wider world through culture

• we export culture e.g english premier league

• Shawn the sheep shown in over 170 countries

• in 2019 chinese food was voted the most popular takeaway

how is the UK connected to the wider world through transport

• Heathrow, a global international hub, travels to 185 locations and 84 countries

• the channel tunnel from UK → France

how is the UK connected to the wider world through electronic communications

• many electronic cables, like the trans atlantic cables, carry digital data

• interconnectors

• headquaters of many international telecom → O2, vodaphone, virgin media

why are we important for the UN

because we sit on the Security Council (they’re bodies meant to stop wars) with:

France, USA, Russia, China

what does the UK import

steel, clothes, electrical goods

what makes more then 50% of the Uk exports

services like finance e.g insurance

what are examples of rural towns effected by post-industrial changes CASE STUDY

• North Sumerset

• South lakeland

what is the effect of post- industrial changes on North Sumerset

• population inc by 7.8% from 2005-2015

• more services and businesses becoming available e.g restaurants, supermarkets, sports centre

why is North Sumerset growing/ impoving after the post-industrial changes

• close to Bristol → 2 universities (UNI of Bristol, UWE), Big retail centre, Big high tech centre, Manufacturing (air buds makes airplane wings)

• Bristol has high house prices

• nice area

• green space, less crime, less pollution

• near the coast

• railway M4 = easy commuting

• lower house prices

• inc pop’un leading to positive multiplier effect → Eco ⬆

what is the effect of post-industrial changes on South Lakeland

• population ⬇ by 4.3% in Barrow

• drop in the number of jobs

• businesses and services are closing

• less attractive

• younger people are leaving, leaving behind an ageing population → spiral of decline

why is South Lakeland getting worse after the post-industrial changes

• mainly countryside - biggest town = Barrow-in-Furness

• transport is difficult

• major city (Leeds) is 2H away so is unsuitable

what are the impacts of pop’un ⬆ on N.Sumerset

• house prices in the area are rising. From 2017 to 2018 inc by 5.5%

• some services e.g schools are becoming over-subscribed

• employment and wages are above the national average

• roads in smaller towns and villages are becoming more congested

what are the impacts of pop’un ⬆ on S.Lakeland

• shows such as Gamestation have closed while others like Marks and Spencer are at risk

• closure of shops and businesses is leading to lower taxes for local gov

• young people leaving, leaving ageing pop’un behind

• public services like dentists and no. of buses are reducing

what are the changes in transport in the UK

1) Railway - HS2 (high speed 2) railway in planning

2) Airports - Heathrow (3rd runway) in planning

3) The expansion of Felix Stowe

explain the railway changes in the UK

• HS2 railway (Big project fail)

→ UK only has 1 high speed train track London → Channel Tunel

→ HS2 was planned to reduce the “North-South divide”

→ Aim: faster travel times to Manchester (1h) and Leeds (50min)

→ original £50bn budget will increase to £100bn

• Cambridge N+S (small successful project)

→ 2 new railway stations for Biomedical centre + Cambridge science parks

explain the airports changes in the UK

• building a 3rd run way

• expensive

→ M25 turn into tunnel lead to congestion

→ compensation for relocating ppl 761 homes

→ multi bn project

• noise pollution for locals

• talked about for decades

• flight inc 480,000 to 740,000

→ CO2 ⬆

→ tourst ⬆

explain the changes to Felixstowe in the UK

• 44% of all UK container traffic

• double in size by 2030

→ environmental cost - Carlew no. near Felixtstowe ⬇

→ phase 1 completed Jan 2025

what are the local successes on transport changes

• Cambridge N+S railway

• Dualing of A14 between Harwhich and Midlands

• East west rail connecting Oxford and Cambridge (planning to)