Pharm Exam 2 (elise)

For a drug to produce a pharmacologic effect, the drug must reach the

Site of action

Biopharmaceutics focuses on the

Method for achieving effective drug administration (how the drug gets into the body)

Pharmacokinetics focuses on the

Process of how a drug is absorbed, metabolized, and eliminated (what happens when the drug is in the body)

What are pharmokinetics?

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

Excretion primarily occurs in the

kidneys

Tablets are _______ dosage forms

Solid

What is the purpose of fillers in tablets?

Keeps the powder's shape during manufacturing

What is the purpose of disintegrators in tablets?

Helps the powder break down in liquids or heat

___________ is needed for the body to absorb the substance.

Disintegration

_____________ helps tablets taste better and helps in the drug releasing process.

Outside coating

Compressed tablets

No coating, may break down from environment

Sugar coated tablets

Coated with sugar to mask the taste and protect from chemical oxidation

Film coated tablets

Coated with material other than sugar to protect the drug and cost less

Enteric coated tablets

Coated to protect from stomach acid and release it in the small intestine

Buccal means

cheek

Sublingual means

under the tongue

Multiple compressed/ Controlled release tablets

Mask taste, protect from chemical oxidation, and release the drug slowly over time for once or twice daily use

Capsules are _______ dosage forms

Solid

Capsules control

How the drug is released and dissolved to release the active ingredient

Effervescent tablets

Contain sodium bicarbonate and acid to release carbon dioxide and dissolves in water

Buccal/sublingual tablets

Dissolve in the mouth for quick absorption through the cheek or under the tongue

What is hard gelatin capsule?

Two piece shell made from calcium alginate, methylcellulose, and gelatin that encloses the active ingredient

What is soft gelatin capsule?

One piece shell made from similar materials that encloses the active ingredient

Troches are ______ dosage forms

Solid

What are the types of troches

lozenge and pastille

Troches are commonly used for

Topical oral antifungals and anesthetics to keep the medicine in contact with the mouth's lining

What type of dosage form is when the medicine is contained in a hard sugar or glycerinated gelatin base that dissolves slowly in the mouth

Troches

Suppositories and inserts are _______ dosage forms

Solid

What type of dosage form is designed for vaginal or rectal use and melt at body temperature to release the medicine?

Suppositories or inserts

Liquid dosage forms include

solutions, suspensions, emulsions

What is a solution?

a homogeneous mixture of solid, liquid, or gas dissolved in another liquid; drug is spread out in the liquid

What is emulsion?

A mixture of two liquids that don't normally mix and one liquid forms small droplets throughout the other; emulsifying agent is needed to keep droplets stable

What is suspension?

Solid medicine mixed in a liquid, suspending agent is added to keep it evenly spread

___________ usually need to be shaken before use

Suspensions

Parenteral dosage forms is usually in the form of

Solution, suspension, emulsion

Parenteral dosage forms must be

Free of contaminants

Parenteral dosage forms are given by

Injection or through mucous membranes

What are the 7 parenteral routes?

Subcutaneous

Intradermal

Intrathecal

Intracisternal

Intramuscular

Intravenous

Intraarterial

Gas dosage forms are used for

Oxygen therapy, anesthesia, and inhalers

What is oxygen

Gas at room temperature that doesn't need a dispersing agent

Inhalers contain

Liquid medication mixed with gas propellant

When inhalers are used, the gas propellant releases liquid medication into the

Lungs

Mixture of 2 liquids that don't mix well

Emulsion

Mixture that can be solid, liquid, or gas

Solution

Mixture of solid mixed with a liquid

Suspension

What marks the beginning of the pharmacokinetic process?

Disintegration and dissolution

Medicines are absorbed through _______ or _______ solutions

Liquid, gaseous

Solids have to be become a _____ prior to being absorbed across a cellular membrane

Solution

A drug must undergo the ___________ in order to work

Absorption process

A drug must undergo the absorption process unless it is given

Intravenously

The ____ is a major absorption site

GI Tract

What is distribution?

The transport of a drug in body fluids from the bloodstream to various tissues of the body and ultimately to its site of action

What are distribution factors?

Cardiac output, regional blood flow, drug reservoirs

What is cardiac output?

Amount of blood pumped by the heart

What is regional blood flow?

amount of blood supplied to a specific organ or tissue

What are drug reservoirs?

Drug accumulations that are bound to specific sites, such as plasma, fat tissue, and bone tissue

What are the 2 barriers of distribution?

blood brain barrier, placental barrier

Metabolism chemically changes a drug into a ______ that can be excreted from the body

Metabolite

The _______ is responsible for metabolism

Liver

What chemical reactions can happen in the body that drugs undergo?

Oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction

Conjugation

What does conjugation do?

Transforms a drug from a lipid soluble to a water soluble

What happens in first pass metabolism?

Oral drugs travel to the liver first and cause deterioration of the active ingredient which makes the drug inactive

What is the order

Dissolution or disintegration , absorption, metabolism, excretion

T/F: Suspensions dissolve faster than powders

T

T/F: Disintegration and dissolution mark the beginning of the pharmacokinetic process

T

T/F: Tablets are absorbed faster than intramuscular drug

F

T/F: The kidneys are primarily responsible for metabolism

F

T/F: Drugs that are administered orally may undergo first pass metabolism

T

What is pharmacology?

Study of drugs in living things

What are the 4 drug names?

Chemical name, code number, generic name, brand name

What are legend drugs?

Drugs that require a prescription

T/F: A legal prescription is a legal document admissible in a court of law

T

A valid prescription or order includes _ components

7

What 7 components are on a valid prescription or order?

Pt name

Drug name

Dosage

Dosage form

Route of administration

Date

Signature

All controlled substances have a

Stamp to show the assigned schedule

Drugs with high potential for abuse are divided into

5 controlled substance schedules

What drugs are considered potentially highly abusive?

Narcotic pain relievers, sedatives, anti anxiety, stimulants

The _____ the number of schedule, the higher the potential for abuse

Lower

C-1 drugs are

Illegal in the US

C-2 drugs are

Legal for prescription use and must be stored under double lock and key

T/F: C-2 drugs require 1 signature for removing from supply bin

F, requires 2

Herbal products are commonly used for

Weight loss and depression

T/F: Herbal products can be dangerous due to pharmacological effects associated with the product

T

Charting should tell an _______________ history of events

Accurate and chronological

PDR means

Physician's Desk Reference

AHFS means

American Hospital Formulary Service

What federal agency is responsible for protecting the public against fraudulent claims by manufactures or merchants of food or drugs?

FDA

Morphine, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and methadone fall into which controlled substance schedule?

C-2

Marijuana, LSD, crack cocaine, and heroin fall into which controlled substance schedule?

C-1

A tech may administer various drugs for diagnostic procedures once they are

Prescribed

When did ACR add venipuncture in the job description of imaging techs with Resolution number 27?

1987

When was venipuncture added to the ASRT cope of practice description for radiographers?

1991

What is medical negligence?

failure to do something that a reasonable person of ordinary prudence would do in a certain situation

What is medical malpractice?

A breach of duty to adhere to a standard of care

The new age standard of care states that

No matter what you practice, the technologist must maintain the same level of competence as a reasonable imaging practitioner in the same specialty

The traditional standard of care states

Requires that the technologist practices their profession with the average degree of skill, care and diligence that other people in the same practice do

Liability issues ______ with the new principles

Increase

T/F: Cross training increases liability.

T

Professional standard may be in the form of a

Scope of practice

HIPAA's main concern deals directly with

Confidentiality