Liberties chapter

The right or condition of self-government

What is Autonomy?

Based on reason or logic

What is rational?

political philosophy that advocated for minimal state intervention and maximum benefits

What is Libertarian?

This is a type of liberty: the absence of constraints/freedom from outside interference.

What is Negative Liberty?

This is a type of liberty: Freedom to act upon one’s will and pursue one’s goals.

What is Positive Liberty?

What type of barriers are presented in negative liberty?

Legal or physical barriers

Who is the individual that popularize positive and negative liberties?

Isiah Berlin

What side of liberty did Berlin side with?

negative liberty, advocating for freedom from interference.

What does positive liberty focus on

sources of control or interference that affect the individual agency.

This is an exaggerated form of negative liberty: focusing on the physical restraints on freedom.

What is Pure Negative Liberty?

This is a form of negative liberty where some social forms are obstacles to freedom.

What is Impure Negative Liberty?

Social relations, such as the actions of others fall under what liberty?

Impure Liberty

Intentional acts such as laws from the government fall under what liberty?

Impure Liberty

What are two ways states require autonomy?

Required education [parents go to jail if they don’t enroll their kid in a form of institution] and minimizing ideologies [Trump’s administration and “Wokism”].

This form of positive liberty describes one’s realization of true-self.

What is Extreme Positive Liberty?

Why did Berlin fear Extreme Positive Liberty?

Because it posed a threat to individual freedom by potentially justifying authoritarian measures in pursuit of an ideal self.

This is a type of liberty deriving from Ancient Rome and Greece, the absence of domination.

What is Republican Liberty?

This is a component to Republican Liberty, where it doesn’t allow the actions of forcing someone to do something.

What is arbitrary power?

_ focuses on non-interference, while _ emphasizes capacity to achieve goals.

Negative Liberty, Positive Liberty.

What is a challenge to Negative Liberty?

The lack of resources prevents someone from achieving their goals.

The fundamental difference between negative and positive liberty?

Negative liberty is about freedom from interference, while positive liberty concerns the ability to achieve personal fulfillment and self-determination.

This view states that the state should promote the liberty of the disadvantaged, often through redistributive measures.

What is Egalitarianism?

This means that different human values like liberty and equality are equally valid but cannot be measured against a single common standard.

What is Incommensurability?

This means to influence people’s behavior in a predictable way without forbidding any options or significantly changing their economic incentives.

What is Nudging?

The correlation between positive liberty and desires?

Positive liberty asks how one’s desires were formed

What is the main obstacle to positive liberty?

one’s mental components that limit personal growth and freedom.

Explain the transparency component for Christman’s checklist of a free agent.

Can the agent reflect on how the desires was formed?

Explain the non-resistance component for Christman’s checklist of a free agent.

Does the agent accept this process without feeling alienated?

Explain the no-inhibition component for Christman’s checklist of a free agent.

Is this reflection free from manipulation, drugs, or pathology

Explain the minimal rationality component for Christman’s checklist of a free agent.

Are the beliefs internally consistent (even if morally wrong)?

What are Christman’s four checklists for a desire to be autonomous?

transparency, non-resistance, no inhibition, and minimal rationality

What does it mean that liberty has intrinsic value?

This means that the conditions of liberty itself are good

What does Hayek mean why liberty has instrument value?

this means that liberty is necessary to achieve other things such as market efficiency

What does Mill mean that liberty has intrinsic value?

This means that liberty is needed for promoting social progress and individuality.

the view that multiple values hold significance and can conflict with one another, emphasizing the complexity of ethical decision-making.

What is value pluralism?

This is a type of rationality where beliefs and desires are consistent

What is internal (subjective) rationality?

Give me one example of internalist rationality?

Choosing to pursue a goal based on a coherent set of personal values.

This is a type of rationality where beliefs are ONLY based on empirical evidence and “correct” moral beliefs.

What are external beliefs?

According to Christman, does autonomy require internal or external rationality and why?

it requires internal rationality because autonomy is rooted in an individual's coherent set of beliefs and values.

Why doesn’t autonomy require external rationality?

Because individuals can be incorrect about facts/beliefs.

This is an objection of positive liberty, stating that a reduction in desire means one is more likely to be more free

What is the inner citadel

If the reduction in desires is autonomous, then individuals are considered…

more free.

If a prisoner in a cell has no desire to leave his cell then he is considered..

free only if the choice is autonomous.

If there is a change because of obstacles, then the individual is…

not truly free.

This is a critique of positive liberty, where a leader is promoting the “true self” through means of coercion.

What is the tyranny critique of positive liberty?

Why cant tyrants impose a higher self on others?

Because one cannot access our structures of desires