CHEMICALS, COMPOUNDS, MOLECULES, AND ELEMENTS

5-iododeoxyuridine

A first-generation antiviral drug developed in the 1950s that inhibited viral DNA along with host cell DNA, leading to poor specificity and high toxicity

Trifluorothymidine

A first-generation antiviral drug developed in the 1950s that inhibited viral DNA along with host cell DNA, leading to poor specificity and high toxicity; also a fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside that inhibits viral DNA synthesis and is incorporated into both viral and host DNA

Guanosine analog

The molecular classification of Acyclovir, Ganciclovir, and Ribavirin

DeoxyGTP (deoxyguanosine triphosphate)

The nucleoside triphosphate that acyclovir competitively inhibits, resulting in irreversible complex binding to viral DNA polymerase

Viral DNA

The structure that incorporates acyclovir after chain termination, thus inhibiting viral DNA synthesis

L-valyl ester of acyclovir

The chemical composition of Valacyclovir

Diacetyl ester prodrug of 6-deoxypenciclovir

The chemical composition of Famciclovir

Guanosine analog

The molecular classification of Famciclovir and Penciclovir

Saturated 22-C aliphatic alcohol

The chemical composition of Docosanol

Fluorinated pyrimidine nucleoside

The chemical composition of Trifluridine

Host DNA

The structure that incorporates Trifluridine, contributing to its poor specificity

Guanosine analog

The molecular classification of Ganciclovir

L-valyl ester prodrug of ganciclovir

The chemical composition of Valganciclovir

Inorganic pyrophosphate analog

The chemical composition of Foscarnet (phosphonoformic acid)

Pyrophosphate

The molecule whose binding site is blocked by Foscarnet in DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase, and HIV reverse transcriptase

Cytosine nucleotide analog

The chemical composition of Cidofovir

Cidofovir diphosphate

The active metabolite of Cidofovir, with an intracellular half-life of 17-65 hours

Ribavirin

A guanosine analog that inhibits viral RNA-dependent polymerase

Sialic acid

The molecule whose analog, Zanamivir and Oseltamivir, are neuraminidase inhibitors

Cyclopentane analog

The chemical classification of Peramivir

Tricyclic amines of adamantane family

The chemical classification of Amantadine and Rimantadine

α-methyl derivative of amantadine

The chemical definition of Rimantadine

cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor

The chemical classification of Baloxavir

Baloxavir

The active metabolite of Baloxavir marboxil

Interferon-alpha

A host cytokine used for HBV and HCV that induces intracellular signals and inhibits various stages of viral replication

Beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC)

A ribonucleoside with broad antiviral activity against RNA viruses; Molnupiravir is an oral prodrug of this molecule

Molnupiravir

An oral prodrug of beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC)

Ribonucleoside

The molecular classification of Beta-D-N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC)

Adenosine nucleotide prodrug

The chemical classification of Remdesivir

Nirmatrelvir

An orally bioavailable protease inhibitor that is metabolized by CYP3A4

Ritonavir

A molecule that inhibits CYP3A4 to increase the half-life and bioavailability of Nirmatrelvir

Benzimidazoles

The largest group of anti-helminthics, which bind to and disrupt beta-tubulin dimers

Albendazole

A benzimidazole widely used for deworming, whose absorption is increased when taken with fatty meals for tissue parasites

Mebendazole

A benzimidazole with less than 10% absorption, which is better with a fatty meal

Albendazole sulfoxide

The active metabolite of Albendazole, which is protein-bound and allows entry into tissues, bile, CSF, and hydatid cysts

Piperazine

A drug that blocks acetylcholine at the myoneural junction, causing worm paralysis and expulsion

Pyrantel Pamoate

A depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent that releases acetylcholine and inhibits cholinesterase, causing persistent contraction and paralysis in susceptible helminths

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter whose release is caused by Pyrantel Pamoate and whose action is blocked at the myoneural junction by Piperazine

Cholinesterase

An enzyme inhibited by Pyrantel Pamoate

Ivermectin

A drug that binds selectively and with high affinity to glutamate-gated chloride ion channels and intensifies GABA-mediated neurotransmission, causing paralysis

Chloride ions

Negatively charged ions whose increased entry into nerve cells, enhanced by Ivermectin, causes hyperpolarization and paralysis

Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)

A drug that alters the surface membranes of microfilaria, causing immobilization due to a hyperpolarizing effect

Doxycycline

An antibiotic from the tetracycline group that inhibits the 30s ribosomal subunit

Tetracycline

The class of antibiotic that Doxycycline belongs to, which inhibits the 30s ribosomal subunit

Calcium

The ion whose permeability across cestode/trematode cell membranes is increased by Praziquantel, leading to paralysis

Praziquantel

A drug that increases the permeability of cestode/trematode cell membranes to calcium

Triclabendazole

A benzimidazole used as the drug of choice for Fascioliasis, which disrupts beta-tubulin assembly

Bithionol

An alternative drug for Fascioliasis and Paragonimiasis, hypothesized to uncouple oxidative phosphorylation

Metrifonate (Trichlorfon)

An organophosphate that inhibits cholinesterase, resulting in the temporary paralyzing of adult worms

Organic arsenical compound

The chemical classification of Melarsoprol

Melarsoprol

An organic arsenical compound used for severe advanced trypanosomiasis that inhibits a large number of enzymes in trypanosomes

Suramin

A complex derivative of urea that inhibits trypanosomal enzymes

Eflornithine

An ornithine derivative that inhibits ornithine decarboxylase, interfering with polyamine synthesis in trypanosomes

Synthetic nitrofuran ring

The chemical component of Nifurtimox that increases oxidative stress by producing free radicals

Nifurtimox

A drug containing a synthetic nitrofuran ring that increases oxidative stress by producing free radicals

Tizoxanide

The active metabolite of Nitazoxanide that inhibits the pyruvate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase pathway in anaerobic bacteria

Nitrofuran

The active metabolite of Furazolidone that interferes with bacterial enzymes and disrupts DNA structure

Diloxanide furoate

A non-antibiotic luminal amebicide that breaks down into diloxanide and furoate in the intestines

Iodoquinol

An iodine-based non-antibiotic luminal amebicide

Iodine

The element that Iodoquinol is based on, which requires caution in patients with sensitivity to it

Paromomycin

An aminoglycoside antibiotic that inhibits the 30s ribosomal subunit

Metronidazole

A DNA synthesis inhibitor whose reduced substrate causes loss of helical DNA structure and strand breakage in anaerobic bacteria

Tinidazole

A DNA synthesis inhibitor whose nitro group is reduced by nitroreductase enzyme to an unstable, cytotoxic intermediate

Emetine

An alkaloid derived from ipecac that binds to the 40s ribosomal subunit

Pentavalent antimony

The chemical composition of Sodium Stibogluconate (antimony is the toxic component)

Sodium Stibogluconate

The drug containing pentavalent antimony that is thought to inhibit ATP synthesis

Acetylcholine analog

The chemical classification of Miltefosine

Alkyl phospholipid

The chemical classification of Miltefosine, which alters replication

Phosphocholine analogue

The chemical classification of Miltefosine, which affects cell signaling and membrane synthesis

Miltefosine

An acetylcholine analog, alkyl phospholipid, and phosphocholine analogue

Antimony

The toxic component of Sodium Stibogluconate that may cause life-threatening adverse effects

Guanosine analog

The molecular classification of Abacavir

Cytosine analog

The molecular classification of Lamivudine

Fluorinated analog of Lamivudine

The molecular classification of Emtricitabine

Acyclic nucleoside phosphonate analog of adenosine monophosphate (AMP)

The molecular classification of Tenofovir

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)

A prodrug form of Tenofovir

Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)

A prodrug form of Tenofovir

Deoxythymidine analog

The molecular classification of Zidovudine (AZT)

Synthetic deoxyadenosine analog

The molecular classification of Didanosine (dDI)

Thymidine analog

The molecular classification of Stavudine (d4T) and Zidovudine

Efavirenz

A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that is a mixed inducer and inhibitor of CYP3A4

Nevirapine

A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that is an inducer of CYP450 enzymes

Delavirdine

A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that is an inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes

Etravirine

A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) that is a mixed inducer and inhibitor of CYP450 enzymes

CYP3A4

The enzyme that all NNRTIs are substrates for

gp41 (glycoprotein 41)

The subunit of the viral envelope glycoprotein that Enfuvirtide binds to

Synthetic 36-amino-acid peptide

The chemical composition of Enfuvirtide (a fusion inhibitor)

Cobicistat

A pharmacokinetic enhancer that inhibits CYP3A4, required to boost Elvitegravir

Glucuronidation

The metabolic process primarily responsible for the metabolism of Dolutegravir and Raltegravir

UGT1A1

The enzyme primarily responsible for the glucuronidation of Dolutegravir and Raltegravir

Azidothymidine (AZT)

Another name for Zidovudine

Propylene glycol

A compound contained in Emtricitabine oral solutions that is contraindicated in young children, pregnant women, and patients with renal or hepatic failure

Fluorine

The element contained in Emtricitabine, classifying it as a fluorinated analog of Lamivudine

Thymidine

The nucleoside that Zidovudine is an analog of

Sulfonamide moiety

A chemical group contained in Darunavir, Amprenavir, Fosamprenavir, and Tipranavir, requiring caution in patients with sulfa allergies

Valacyclovir

An antiviral drug used for CMV that is chemically classified as an L-valyl ester prodrug of ganciclovir

Valganciclovir

An antiviral drug used for CMV that is chemically classified as an L-valyl ester prodrug of ganciclovir

Chlorine

The element that chloride ions are derived from, which is important for Ivermectin's mechanism of action

Iron

The element whose free availability increases the growth of Mucormycotina

Probenecid

A drug that must be co-administered with Cidofovir to block active tubular secretion and decrease nephrotoxicity