learning disability

dyslexia

is a term that refers to the difficulty with reading. people with dyslexia have difficulty connecting letters they see on page with the sounds they make. as a result, reading becomes slow, effortful and not a fluent process for them

dysgraphia

is a term used to describe difficulties with putting one’s thoughts on to paper. problems with writing can include difficulties with spelling, grammar, punctuation, and handwriting

dyscalculia

a term used to describe difficulties learning numbers related concepts or using symbols and functions to perform math calculations. problems with math can include difficulties with number sense, memorizing math facts, math calculations, math reasoning and math problem solving

dyslexia

a specific learning disability that is neurobiological in origin; typically results from a deficit in the phonological component of language

phonological awareness

refers to the conscious understanding and knowledge that language is made up of sounds

phonemic awareness

the knowledge that words consist of separate sounds, or phonemes, and the ability to manipulate these sound units

curriculum-based measurement (cbm)

a formative assessment method in that provides information on student learning as instruction takes place over time

curriculum-based measurement

cbm means?

dynamic indicators of basic early literacy skills (dibels)

was developed to be an efficient indicator of key reading skills to enable the early identification of children at risk for reading difficulties and to assess the effects of interventions designed to prevent such failure

first sound fluency

the assessor says words and the student says the first sound for each word

letter naming fluency

the student is presented with a sheet of letters and asked to name the letters

phoneme segmentation fluency

the assessor says whole words and the student says the individual sounds in each word

nonsense word fluency

to assess letter-sound correspondence and blending, the student reads list of vowel-consonant (vc) and consonant-vowel-consonant (cvc) nonsense words (e.g., ov, sig, rav) for example if the stimulus word is vam, the student could say “v a m” or say that word to obtain a total of three letters sounds correct

dibels oral reading fluency

the student reads a grade level passage aloud for 1 minute. the number of words read correctly per minute is the oral reading fluency rate

daze (dibels maze)

the assessor provides a reading passage in which some words are replaced by a multiple choice box that includes the original word and two distractors. while reading the passage silently, the student selects the word in each box that best fits the meaning of the sentence

composite score

a combination of multiple dibel scores, the composite score provides the best overall estimate of a student’s reading proficiency. the scores used to calculate the composite vary by grade and time of year