Chemistry 6

allotrophy

the existence of two or more different molecular forms of an element that exist

carbon allotropes

diamond, graphite, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes

fullerenes

dark-colored solids made of spherically networked carbon-atom cages

buckminster fuller

geodesic domes, bucky ball

organic compounds

covalently bonded compounds containing carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides

catenation

the covalent binding of an element to itself to form chains or rings

hydrocarbons

compound composed of only C&H, the simplest of the organic compounds

isomers

compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures, and so have different properties

structural isomers(constitutional isomers)

isomers where the atoms are bonded together in different orders

geometric isomers

isomers where the order of atom bonding is the same, but the arrangement in space is different

saturated hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons where each carbon atom in the molecule forms four single covalent bonds with other atoms

alkanes

name given to hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds

cycloalkanes

alkanes in which the carbon atoms are arranged in a ring, or cyclic, structures

alkyl groups

groups of atoms that are formed when one hydrogen atom is removed from an alkane molecule

combustion

reaction involved the burning of a substance, many times an alkane hydrocarbon

octane ratings

a measure of a fuels burning efficiency and its antiknock properties dependent on the structure of the hydrocarbon

unsaturated hydrocarbons

hydro carbons in which not all carbon atoms have four single covalent bonds

alkenes

hydrocarbons that contain double covalent bonds

alkynes

hydrocarbons with triple covalent bonds

aromatic hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons with six membered carbon rings and delocalized electrons

heterocylclic

when in a benzene molecule or cycloalkane, a carbon atom in the ring is replaced by another element

functional group

an atom or group of atoms that is responsible for the specific properties of an organic compound

alcohols

organic compounds that contain one or more hydroxyl groups

alkyl halides

organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms F, Cl, Br, or I, are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in the hydrocarbon

ethers

organic compounds in which two hydrocarbon groups are bonded to the same atom of oxygen

aldehydes

organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to carbon atom at the end of a carbon atom chain

ketones

organic compounds in which the carbonyl group is attached to the carbon atoms withing the chain

carboxylic acids

organic compounds that contain the carboxyl functional group

esters

organic compounds w/ carboxylic acid groups in which the hydrogen of the hydroxyl group is replaced by an alkyl group

amines

organic compounds that can be corresponded to be of ammonia NH3