CRIME

What is the main idea of the Labelling Perspective in criminology?

Deviance is constructed through societal interactions, and labels affect individual identities.

What is deviance according to the Labelling Perspective?

Deviance is socially constructed and not inherent; it varies with societal interactions.

What does the shift from positivism to relativism signify in criminology?

It emphasizes the influence of social contexts on the nature of crime and deviance.

Who developed the concept of primary and secondary deviance?

Edwin Lemert.

Define primary deviance.

The initial act of deviance or crime.

Define secondary deviance.

Occurs when an individual adopts a deviant identity due to societal reactions.

What role does power play in the labelling of deviance?

Power dynamics determine which behaviors are labeled as deviant and have consequences for individuals.

What did Howard Becker contribute to the Labelling Perspective?

He argued that deviance is defined by societal reaction rather than inherent qualities.

What is Erving Goffman's concept of stigma analysis?

It explores how negative labels affect identity management and experiences of social exclusion.

What does 'The Looking Glass Self' refer to?

It describes how individuals see themselves based on how they believe others perceive them.

What are role affirmations?

Interactions that reaffirm the roles individuals play in society.

What is a performance breach?

When an individual deviates from their expected role, causing disruption of social norms.

What does the mortification process involve?

Being stripped of one's identity and replaced with the identity of a criminal.

What is the significance of the Youth Criminal Justice Act of 2003?

It aims to keep young people out of court and custody.

How do social movements challenge established norms?

They reframe previously unacceptable actions as legitimate expressions of resistance and justice.

How does media representation affect stigmatization?

Media amplifies stigmatization, shaping public perceptions and reinforcing negative stereotypes.

What is the impact of internalizing labels for individuals labeled as criminals?

It reinforces criminal behavior and deviant self-concept.

Define social isolation's role in stigmatization.

Stigmatization results in social isolation, lowering self-esteem and pushing individuals towards deviant subcultures.

What was the purpose of the Juvenile Delinquents Act of 1908?

It established a social welfare approach for treating youth differently from adults.

What was key about the Young Offenders Act of 1984?

It provided more accountability and rights for young people, with suspended records until age 18.

How does deviance relate to cultural context?

Definitions of deviance are culturally constructed and vary over time and place.

What does it mean when criminal labels become a 'master status'?

The criminal label becomes a dominant identity, influencing self-perception and behaviors.

What is the role of symbolic interactionism in understanding identity?

It emphasizes that reality is constructed through social interactions.

How can individuals cope with negative labels?

They may develop coping mechanisms and embrace a criminal lifestyle as a response to labelling.

What was a significant social movement mentioned in the context of deviance?

The 1960s civil rights movement.

What does 'relative meanings' imply in the context of deviance?

Meanings can change based on context, interaction, and time.

What may occur if an individual's deviant label becomes internalized?

They may continue engaging in deviant behaviors and reinforce their criminal identity.