elizabeth 1 last years

When did Elizabeth I's 'first' reign end and her 'second' reign begin?

Around 1585, with the dispatch of English forces to the Netherlands.

What were the three key turning points in Elizabeth I's final years?

1) Intervention in the Netherlands (1585), 2) the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots (1587), 3) the deaths of key ministers like Leicester and Walsingham (1588-1590).

Which four prominent councillors died between 1588 and 1590?

Leicester, Warwick, Mildmay, and Walsingham.

What was the primary source of political friction in Elizabeth's final Parliaments?

The debate over monopolies.

What speech did Elizabeth use to settle the dispute over monopolies in 1601?

The Golden Speech.

What event in 1601 threatened Elizabeth's authority?

The attempted coup by the Earl of Essex.

What major military conflict strained the Crown financially in the 1590s aside from the war with Spain?

The rebellion in Ireland.

What domestic factors caused social turmoil in the 1590s?

A series of bad harvests and rising prices.

How much did Elizabeth spend on military campaigns in France between 1589 and 1591?

£144,786.

What major achievements did Elizabeth maintain by 1603 despite the gloomy state of England?

She preserved the realm from successful invasion, financial collapse, and civil wars.

When did Elizabeth name James VI of Scotland as her heir?

On her deathbed in 1603.

Who managed the smooth transition from the Tudor to the Stuart dynasty?

Robert Cecil.

What was the state of Elizabeth's grip on the House of Commons by the 1590s?

It was described as a 'softening grip'.

How did the government react to fears of religious nonconformity in the final decade?

With an authoritarian reaction and an emphasis on state security.