HARR Virology 5th ed.

Classification of viruses is made by:

A. Complement fixation serology

B. Electron microscopy

C. Nucleic acid composition

D. Cellular inclusion bodies

C. Nucleic acid composition

Which virus is the most common etiological agent of viral respiratory diseases in infants and children?

A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

B. Measles virus

C. Coxsackie A virus

D. Coxsackie B virus

A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

The most common viral syndrome of pericarditis, myocarditis, and pleurodynia (pain upon breathing) is caused by:

A. Herpes simplex virus

B. Respiratory syncytial virus

C. Epstein-Barr virus

D. Coxsackie B virus

D. Coxsackie B virus

Which of the following viruses is implicated along with Epstein-Barr virus as a cause of infectious mononucleosis?

A. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

B. Coxsackie A virus

C. Coxsackie B virus

D. Hepatitis B virus

A. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

The most common causes of viral pneumonia in adults are:

A. Influenza and adenovirus

B. Hepatitis A and B viruses

C. Coxsackie A and B viruses

D. Herpes simplex and CMV

A. Influenza and adenovirus

Which virus belonging to the Reoviridae group causes gastroenteritis in infants and young children but an asymptomatic infection in adults?

A. Coxsackie B virus

B. Rotavirus

C. Respiratory syncytial virus

D. Rhabdovirus

B. Rotavirus

A very small, single-stranded DNA virus that causes a febrile illness with a rash and is called the fifth childhood disease after rubeola, rubella, varicella, and roseola is:

A. Rotavirus

B. Adenovirus type 40

C. Coxsackie A virus

D. Parvovirus B19

D. Parvovirus B19

Hepatitis B virus can be transmitted by:

A. Acupuncture

B. Tattoos

C. Sexual contact

D. All of these options

D. All of these options

Which virus has been implicated in adult gastroenteritis resulting from ingestion of contaminated food (especially shellfish) and water?

A. Norwalk-like viruses

B. Rotavirus

C. Hepatitis C virus

D. Coronavirus

A. Norwalk-like viruses

Which virus is associated with venereal and respiratory tract warts and produces lesions of skin and mucous membranes?

A. Polyomavirus

B. Poxvirus

C. Adenovirus

D. Papillomavirus

D. Papillomavirus

A clinical test used for the detection and identification of viral infections other than culture is:

A. Hemagglutination

B. Hemadsorption

C. Viral antigen detection

D. All of these options

D. All of these option

Which technique is used for the confirmation of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)?

A. Western blot (immunoblot) assay

B. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)

C. Complement fixation

D. p24 Antigen testing

A. Western blot (immunoblot) assay

A 13-year-old boy was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of viral encephalitis. History revealed that the boy harbored wild raccoons from nearby woods. What is the best method to determine if the boy has contracted rabies?

A. Remove the brainstems from all of the raccoons and examine for cytopathic effects

B. Request immunofluorescent test for antibody on the saliva from all of the raccoons

C. Request immunofluorescent test for antigen in cutaneous nerves obtained by nuchal biopsy of the patient

D. Isolate the virus from the saliva of both the animals and the patient

C. Request immunofluorescent test for antigen in cutaneous nerves obtained by nuchal biopsy of the patient

A 65-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital with acute respiratory distress, fever, myalgia, and headache. Influenza A or B was suspected after ruling out bacterial pneumonia. Which of the following methods could be used to confirm influenza infection?

A. Influenza virus culture in Madin-Darby canine kidney

B. Hemagglutination-inhibition test for antibodies in the patient's serum

C. Direct examination of nasal epithelium for virus using fluorescent antibody stain

D. All of these options

D. All of these options

The most rapid definitive diagnosis of a genital herpes simplex (HSV-2) infection in a 20-year-old man is made by which method?

A. Direct immunofluorescence test for viral antigen in vesicle fluid

B. Titer of serum and seminal fluid for antibodies to herpes simplex

C. Detection of antiherpes simplex in seminal fluid

D. Cell culture of vesicle fluid

A. Direct immunofluorescence test for viral antigen in vesicle fluid

A 20-year-old female college student complained of a sore throat and extreme fatigue. The physician noted lymphadenopathy and ordered a rapid test for infectious mononucleosis antibodies that was negative. Bacterial cultures were negative, as were serological tests for influenza A and B, HIV-1, CMV, hepatitis B, and antistreptolysin O. What would be the next line of viral testing to establish a diagnosis?

A. Herpes simplex

B. Rubella

C. Epstein-Barr

D. West Nile

C. Epstein-Barr

A 60-year-old male gardener from New York State was hospitalized with flulike symptoms and eventually diagnosed with encephalitis. While working in his garden, he noticed several dead birds around his bird feeder. The region was known to be heavily infested with mosquitoes. What is the most likely cause of his illness?

A. West Nile virus

B. Epstein-Barr virus

C. Parvovirus

D. Hantavirus

A. West Nile virus

A 30-year-old male patient who was a contractor and building inspector in the southwestern United States complained of difficulty breathing and was admitted to the hospital with severe respiratory disease. The physician noted a high fever and cough. Two days before, the patient had inspected an old warehouse, abandoned and infested with rodents. The patient was given intravenous antibiotics, but 2 days into therapy the pneumonia worsened and he developed pulmonary edema. Which organism should be suspected of causing his illness?

A. Hantavirus

B. Rotavirus

C. West Nile virus

D. Norwalk-like virus

A. Hantavirus

A 3-year-old female was admitted to the hospital following a 2-day visit with relatives over the Christmas holidays. Vomiting and diarrhea left the child severely dehydrated. No other members of the family were affected. All bacterial cultures proved negative. A stool sample should be tested for which virus?

A. CMV

B. EBV

C. Hepatitis D

D. Rotavirus

D. Rotavirus

A 25-year-old male patient was diagnosed with HIV-1 by enzyme immunoassay, testing positive twice, and the diagnosis was confirmed by Western blot testing. Which laboratory test should be performed prior to initiating antiviral therapy?

A. Quantitative plasma virus concentration (viral load testing)

B. Quantitation of CD4 lymphocytes

C. Phenotype/genotype resistance testing

D. All of these options

D. All of these options

A 6-month-old male infant was hospitalized with a respiratory infection. He was diagnosed with apnea and bronchiolitis. Further testing revealed congenital heart disease. Bacterial cultures were negative for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae. What further testing should be done?

A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

B. Rotavirus

C. Norwalk virus

D. HIV

A. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

A young male hunter encountered a fox in his path during a walk in the woods. The fox was staggering but appeared nonthreatening. The man tried to avoid contact but was attacked and bitten on the leg. The bite broke the skin but was not deep. Wildlife officials were unable to locate the fox for testing. What procedure should take place next for the hunter?

A. Spinal tap with CSF testing for rabies virus

B. Administration of hyperimmune antirabies globulin and rabies vaccine

C. Biopsy of the wound site

D. Throat culture and blood culture

B. Administration of hyperimmune antirabies globulin and rabies vaccine

A 40-year-old female experienced a respiratory infection after returning home from a visit to her homeland of China. A rapid onset of pneumonia in the lower respiratory area prompted the physician to place her in isolation. She was diagnosed presumptively with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and placed on a respirator. What type of testing should be done next to diagnose this disease?

A. Molecular technique and cell culture

B. Latex agglutination test

C. Blood culture

D. Complement fixation

A. Molecular technique and cell culture

A pregnant 25-year-old female with genital lesions delivered a premature newborn with complications. The baby tested negative for bacterial infection (cultures of blood and urine). Antigen testing of the baby's urine proved negative for group B streptococci and Streptococcus pneumoniae. The mother tested negative for bacterial sexually transmitted diseases and for group B streptococci. The baby was treated with acyclovir and failed to survive. What was the most likely cause of death?

A. CMV

B. Human immunodeficiency virus

C. Respiratory syncytial virus

D. Herpes simplex virus

D. Herpes simplex virus

A young father of two small children complained of a rash on the torso of his body. The children had been diagnosed with chickenpox and confined to their home. The father had experienced chickenpox as a child and knew he did not have the same rash as his children. What is the most likely cause of the father's rash?

A. Herpes simplex 1 virus

B. Varicella-zoster virus

C. Herpes simplex 2 virus

D. Epstein-Barr virus

B. Varicella-zoster virus

The organs of a 65-year-old male were donated soon after a fatal auto accident. Three recipients of his corneas and kidneys died within weeks after receiving his organs. Which of the following viruses most likely caused the death of these recipients?

A. HIV

B. Rabies

C. Norwalk-like

D. Rotavirus

B. Rabies

While on a 7-day cruise to Vancouver and Alaska, a number of passengers reported to the ship's medical staff complaining of vomiting and diarrhea. Which is the most likely virus to have infected these mainly adult passengers?

A. Rotavirus

B. Parainfluenza

C. Respiratory syncytial

D. Norwalk or Norwalk-like viruses

D. Norwalk or Norwalk-like virus

A patient tested positive for HIV-1 infection using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. However, 1 week later a second blood sample was collected and sent to a reference lab that performed a confirmatory test by Western blot. The Western blot test was negative. What best explains these results?

A. The samples for RT-PCR and Western blot were not from the same patient

B. RT-PCR is more sensitive for early detection

C. The RT-PCR result was falsely positive

D. The RT-PCR test detected HIV-2 and the Western blot is specific for HIV-1

B. RT-PCR is more sensitive for early detection

A pregnant women was seen by her obstetrician with signs of flulike illness during her second trimester. NAT tests were ordered for Toxoplasma gondii, rubella, cytomegalovirus, and herpes simplex 1 and 2. All test results were negative. However, after delivery, the newborn exhibited signs of an infection and failed to survive. Which virus causes a 90% transplacental infection rate when found in the mother?

A. Hepatitis A

B. Hepatitis B

C. Hepatitis D

D. Hepatitis G

B. Hepatitis B

An immunocompromised patient was admitted to the hospital with a diagnosis of hemorrhagic cystitis. Which combination of virus and specimen would be most appropriate to diagnose a viral cause of this disorder?

A. BK virus—urine

B. Human papilloma virus—skin

C. Hepatitis B virus—serum

D. Epstein-Barr virus—serum

A. BK virus—urine

Which of the following genera and RNA viruses listed is the cause of viral hemorrhagic fever displaying many filamentous shapes, such as "U" or "6" and circular forms while being viewed under the electron microscope?

A. Filovirus-Ebola virus

B. Flavivirus-West Nile virus

C. Picornavirus-poliovirus

D. Toga virus-western equine encephalitis virus

A. Filovirus-Ebola virus

Which of the following RNA flaviviruses is responsible for Guillain-Barre syndrome and birth defects of the brain (microcephaly, absent forehead, and triangular face shape) or poor outcomes in pregnant women and was first recognized in 2015 in Brazil?

A. West Nile virus

B. Hepatitis C virus

C. Zika virus

D. Dengue fever virus

C. Zika virus

Which of the following diseases, which are spread through direct contact and aerosols of the (RNA) coronovirus genera, was transmitted to hospital workers who were caring for infected patients in China, causing a severe acute respiratory illness that led to a worldwide outbreak in 2002?

A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

B. Encephalitis

C. Gastroenteritis

D. Liver necrosis

A. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A pregnant patient presented with symptoms similar to hepatitis A but tested negative. She had traveled to India most recently. Which of the following is the cause of a hepatitis infection with a high mortality rate (10%-20%) in pregnant women and is transmitted via the fecal-oral route?

A. Hepatitis B

B. Hepatitis E

C. Hepatitis C

D. Hepatitis D

B. Hepatitis E