Theories of Motivation and Emotion, Stages of Development

Flashcards covering key concepts from theories of motivation, emotion, developmental psychology, and social perspectives discussed in the lecture.

Instinct Approach to Motivation

Suggests that people and animals are born preprogrammed with sets of behaviors essential to their survival.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Theories suggesting that a lack of some basic biological need produces a drive to push an organism to satisfy that need.

Arousal Approach to Motivation

The belief that people try to maintain a steady level of stimulation and activity.

Incentive Approach to Motivation

Suggests that motivation stems from the desire to attain incentives like grades, money, or affection.

Cognitive Approach to Motivation

Theories suggesting that motivation is an outcome of people's thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals.

James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The belief that emotional experience is a reaction to bodily events; e.g., I feel sad because I am crying.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion

The belief that both psychological arousal and emotional experience are produced simultaneously by the same stimulus.

Schachter-Singer Theory of Emotion

The belief that emotions are determined jointly by a nonspecific kind of psychological arousal and its interpretation.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

A theory suggesting that certain basic needs must be satisfied before higher-order needs can be pursued.

Heuristic

A thinking strategy that may lead us to a solution to a problem or decision, unlike algorithms which may sometimes lead to errors.

Functional Fixedness

The tendency to think of an object only in terms of the way it is most frequently or typically used.

Phonemes

Smallest basic units of speech that affect meaning and the way we use sounds to form words.

Intrinsic Motivation

Participation in an activity for personal enjoyment rather than for any external reward.

Extrinsic Motivation

Engagement in an activity to earn a reward or avoid a punishment.

Need for Achievement

Refers to a person's desire to strive for and achieve challenging accomplishments.

Need for Affiliation

An interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with other people.

Need for Power

A tendency to seek out impact, control, or influence over others.

Gender Roles

A set of expectations defined by society indicating what is appropriate behavior for men and women.

Ainsworth Strange Situation

A procedure developed to assess the attachment styles of children based on their behavior with their parent.

Erikson's Trust vs. Mistrust Stage

The first stage of psychological development where infants develop feelings of trust based on caregiver responsiveness.

Piaget's Sensorimotor Stage

A stage in cognitive development from birth to 2 years characterized by the development of object permanence.

Kohlberg's Preconventional Morality

A level of moral reasoning where the main considerations are avoidance of punishment and desire for rewards.

Stages of Grief

A model describing the emotional stages people go through when facing death: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.