Landscape Arch Engineering I

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

most applied method to assess impacts of a product throughout it’s entire life cycle

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)

1) Raw Material Acquisition

2) Production, Refining

3) Manufacturing, Fabrication

4) Installation, Use, Maintenance

5) Disposal, Recycle, Reuse

Embodied Energy

Total energy input at all stages of the materials life

Drawing graphic standards for construction documents

Should be clear and concise.

(Graphic and written instructions for the purpose of estimating cost, bidding, and constructing a proposed design)

Sequence of Construction Sheets

Construction Document (CD) Package:

1) Existing conditions

2) Erosion and Sediment Control Plan

3) Layout Plan

4) Site Grading Plan

5) Construction Details

Tasks in Schematic Design (SD) Phase (1/5)

• Setting the general idea for project design

• Establishes scale and scope of the design

• Looks at inspo

• Ideas, diagrams, sketches

Tasks in Design Development (DD) Phase (2/5)

• Material selection

• Plans, sections, elevations,3D views

• Hand/ digi + CAD Plans

Construction Document (CD) Prep Phase (3/5)

• Detailed illustrations

• Design intent fully clarified

• Written specifications

• Quality expectations

What are the main components of Concrete?

Concrete = Aggregate + Paste

Aggregate: Sand + Gravel

Paste: Cement + Water

Types of Structural Strength in Concrete

Measured in Pounds Per Square Inch (PSI)

Concrete Construction Joints

required when one segment meets another

• steel dowel: provides a strong connection between the two separate pavement pours

  • prevents the pavement from shifting up/down in freeze/thaw cycles in IND

Concrete Expansion Joints

help to adjacent surfaces shift during freeze-thaw

• allows expansion and contraction betw. pavements materials to avoid damage

• made of wood, foam, fiberboard

Concrete Contraction/control Joints

Controls where concrete cracks

• saw cut/hand-troweled

• control joints should be deep as ¼ of the depth of the conc.

Formed and Molded Method of Concrete Placement

cast-in-place or pre-cast, shaped w wood or steel

Air-blown or sprayed in Method for Concrete Placement

shotcrete, usually for horizontal & vertical surfaces like pools

Mixed-in-place Method for Concrete Placement

soil cement or

dry-casting

Properties of Asphalt

Petroleum-based binder (5-15%) + Aggregate (85%)

Smaller Number for Crushed Stone Grade

The bigger the stone

The bigger the # for crushed stone grade

The smaller the stone size

Advantages of Asphalt

1) Economical

2) Continuous surface

3) Easy maintenance

4) Salt resistance

5) Quick Install

6) Elaborate decorative patterns and colors available

Porous Asphalt Pavement

Similar in looks to Regular Asphalt

• Coarser texture allows water flow (est. 1970)s

Geotextile Fabric

Prevents Sediment from passing through

• placed before the subgrade after the subbase

Maintenance for Permeable Concrete and Asphalt

Need to be washed for it to remain permeable

Crushed Stone Paving

Decomposed Granite

Disadvantages of Asphalt

not as durable as concrete

heat island effect

environmental impact

non-renewable resource of petroleum

Nominal Sizing for Lumber

Size before shrinkage and planing

Nominal Size 1” →Dressed size would be ¾”

Actual Size (Dressed) Lumber

Size after Shrinking and Planing (ie 1-1/2” or 3-1/2”)

Nominal vs Actual

N:2×4 → A: 1-1/2” x 3-1/2”

Water resistance in wood

Redwood, cedar, and cypress have natural preservatives in them to resist rotting w/o being treated

Decking components

1) Deck boards bear on Joists

2) Joists bear on Beams

3) Beams bear on Posts

4) Posts bear on/in Concrete

Footing Component of Decking

Support for posts and decking

Ledger Beams Component of Decking

Attached to building foundation or wall

Purpose of Layout Plans

Locating individual site elements, NOT for dimensions

Objectives of Layout Plan

1) Ensure design intent

2) Guide observation or supervision

3) Determines qty of materials

Horizontal Layout Methods for Layout Plans

1) Perpendicular Offset System

2) Baseline System

3) Coordinate System

4) Angles, Bearings, Arc

Freestanding Wall

Rigid vertical structure that functions as a barrier, space definer, visual break, seat, background etc.

Brick Masonry Wall Flashing

typically placed under the cap and near the bottom of the

stem (just above the ground)

Components of Stairs

Risers, treads, nosing

Ramp Slope Standard

1:20 = One inch of Vertical Rise for Every 20 inches of Horzional length/run

Minimum width of Ramp

36 inches

Ramp Landing

rise a maximum of 30 inches before requiring a landing

Must be 5’ x5’ (minimum)

Top and Bottom Landings for Ramps

Minimum of 60” long

Handrail Design Principles

required if there are more than 3 risers or at least 18” of vertical rise

Handrail height above stair nose

must be 34-38” above stair nose

Handrails extend minimum

must extend 12” min. beyond top of stairs and 1 tread width beyond bottom of stair

Guardrail Design Principles

If there is vertical drop, of at least 30 inches, adjacent to a stair, ramp, or wall. You must have a guardrail that is 42” (+/- 3 inches) tall.

Guard rail opening

A 4 inch sphere cannot pass through any spaces.

Handrail/Guardrail Connection Options

1) embed in new concrete stairs, slab, or wall

2) core drill existing concrete and embed with joint compound

3) bolt with plate to concrete surface

Elements of a Water Feature

• Containers

• Water stop

• Finishes

• Controls

• Water source

• Plumbing lines

• Pumps

• Fittings

Containers for Water Features

catch water for recirculation (concrete is frequently used, but metal and plastic are also used)

Water Sources for Fountains

nozzles, scuppers, weirs/lip

Scuppers

opening for water to pass through

Nozzles

different tips can create different effects (i.e foam, domes, globe, water fans)