History of Southern Africa Grade 10

Vocabulary-focused practice flashcards covering the grade 10 History of Southern Africa curriculum, including geographical regions, early populations, colonial conflicts, and the era of Apartheid.

Eastern Region

A geographical area stretching from the Indian Ocean to the Drakensberg mountains that receives rainfall throughout the year and has fertile soils free from tsetse flies.

Western Region

A semi-desert area stretching from the Kalahari to the Atlantic Ocean with very little rainfall, mostly populated by nomadic people like the Khoisan.

Saan People

Late Stone Age hunter-gatherers and the earliest inhabitants of South Africa who used tools made of stone and lived in small bands of $20$-$-30$ members.

Keegan

The name of the god, also known as Huwe, believed in by the Saan people.

Khoikhoi

Early pastoralists in South Africa who kept short-horned cattle and fat-tailed sheep and called themselves 'Men of men'.

Tsuigoab

The supreme being and creator of all things worshipped by the Khoikhoi, identified as the provider of rain.

Bantu

A group of people primarily identified by similarities in language who migrated from the upper Benue region between Cameroon and Nigeria.

Mfecane

A series of wars among the Northern Nguni in the early nineteenth century, meaning 'The Crushing' in Nguni or 'Difecane' meaning 'The scattering' in Sotho.

Madhlatule Famine

A period of drought and hunger in the first decade of the nineteenth century that led to raids for grain and cattle, contributing to the Mfecane.

Incwala

A harvest ceremony performed in Zwide's Ndwandwe kingdom used to unify the group and check on the military regiments (Impis).

Assegai

A long throwing spear with a short stabbing spear introduced by Shaka to be used as a sword and retained throughout battle.

Cow-horn formation

A military movement introduced by Shaka where a strong center known as the 'Chest' is supported by two curving projections or 'Horns' to surround the enemy.

Battle of Blood River

A conflict on December $15$, $1838$, where the Boers defeated the Zulu and subsequently proclaimed Mpande as the new king.

Battle of Ulundi

A battle on July $4$, $1879$, where British troops under Lord Chelmsford defeated the Zulu, leading to the destruction of the Zulu Nation.

The Great Trek

A movement in the $1830$s of Boers from the Cape region to lands in the north and north-east to establish independence from British rule.

Ian Van Riebeck

The commander sent by the Dutch East India Company in $1652$ to establish a refreshment station at the Cape.

Circuit Courts (1811)

Legal bodies introduced by the British that granted the Khoikhoi rights to bring complaints and disputes concerning white employers to court.

50th Ordinance (1828)

A piece of legislation passed due to missionary pressure that gave Khoikhoi equality before the law and freedom of movement without passes.

Anglicisation

The British policy of replacing Dutch culture and language with English in schools, courts, and churches, taking full effect in $1828$.

Battle of Vegkop

A battle on October $19$, $1836$, where the Ndebele under Mzilikazi destroyed the Boer party lead by Liensberg and Erasmus.

Sand River Convention (1852)

An agreement by which the British granted the Transvaal Boers self-government and a free hand in dealing with the Bantu to the north.

First Anglo-Boer War

A conflict from $1880$-$-1881$ triggered by Boer resistance to taxes and the British takeover of Transvaal in $1877$, resulting in a British defeat at Majuba Hill.

Uitlanders

A Boer word meaning 'foreigners', referring to British miners who moved to the Transvaal after the discovery of gold at Witwatersrand in $1885$.

Jameson Raid (1895)

A failed coup attempt against the Transvaal government plotted by the Uitlanders with the help of John Cecil Rhodes and Dr Starr Leander Jameson.

Scorched Earth Policy

A military tactic used by Lord Kitchener during the Second Anglo-Boer War involving the burning of farms and destruction of homesteads to starve Boer fighters.

Vereeniging Peace Treaty

A document signed on May $31$, $1902$, that ended the Second Anglo-Boer War and caused Transvaal and the Orange Free State to become British territories.

Keate Arbitration Award (1871)

The ruling by Lord Keate that gave the Kimberly diamond fields to Nicholas Waterboer of Griqualand rather than the Orange Free State.

Apartheid

A policy of separate development and racial segregation between whites and non-whites included in the South African constitution in $1948$ by the National Party.

Broederbond

A secret society meaning 'Brotherhood' formed in $1918$ by Afrikaner intellectuals to consolidate racial superiority and Afrikaner domination.

Bantustans

Native reserves created under the Group Areas Act of $1960$ that accommodated $80$-$-$ percent of the population on $13$-$-$ percent of the land.

Poqo

The military wing of the Pan African Congress (PAC), meaning 'alone' or 'pure', which attacked white installations to paralyse the Apartheid regime.

Umkhondo we Sizwe

The military wing of the ANC, meaning 'Spear of the Nation', formed by Nelson Mandela to target economic and political installations.

Sharpeville Massacre

An incident on March $21$, $1960$, where police fired on a crowd demonstrating against pass laws, killing over $100$ people.