Chapter 30: Urinalysis

most of the urine is composed of what substance

water

how much urine does the normal adult excrete each day

750-2000mL

polyuria may be caused by

a. excessive intake of fluids

b. consumption of caffeine

c. diabetes mellitus

d. taking a diuretic

e. all of these

e. all of these

which of the following does NOT result in oliguria

a. profuse perspiration

b. vomiting

c. diarrhea

d. edema

d. edema

which of the following urine specimens contain the greatest concentration of dissolved substances

a. first-voided morning

b. random specimen

c. clean-catch midstream

d. first-catch urine specimen

a. first-voided morning

which of the following normally contains microorganisms

a. kidneys

b. ureters

c. urinary meatus

d. urinary bladder

c. urinary meatus

which of the following tests requires a clean-catch midstream specimen

a. urine pregnancy testing

b. microscopic examination of urine sediment

c. urine drug testing

d. urine culture

d. urine culture

when collecting a clean-catch midstream urine specimen, a front-to-back motion is used to cleanse the urinary meatus to

avoid drawing microorganisms from the anal region into the area being cleansed

when collecting a clean-catch midstream urine specimen, a small amount of urine is voided into the toilet before obtaining the specimen to

flush microorganisms out of the distal urethra

which of the following tests is performed on a first-catch urine specimen

a. complete urinalysis

b. pregnancy

c. NAA test for chlamydia and gonorrhea

d. kidney stone

c. NAA test for chlamydia and gonorrhea

all of the following are patient guidelines for the collection of a first-catch urine specimen EXCEPT

a. do not urinate for at least one hour prior to collection

b. cleanse the genital area before the collection of the specimen

c. collect only 15-30mL of urine

d. collect the initial

b. cleanse the genital area before the collection of the specimen

a 24-hour urine specimen may be collected to

determine the cause of kidney stone formation

a urinalysis may be performed for all of the following EXCEPT

a. to diagnose a pathological condition

b. to treat a patient’s condition

c. to screen a patient for the presence of disease

d. to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy following treatment

b. to treat a patient’s condition

what is included in a complete urinalysis

a physical examination of urine, a chemical examination of urine, and a microscopic examination of urine

what occurs if a urine specimen is allowed to stand for more than 1 hour at room temperature

it becomes cloudy

what does it mean if a urine specimen is light yellow in color

the urine specimen does not contain many dissolved substances

the presence of bile pigments in a urine specimen causes the specimen to be

yellow-brown

if freshly voided specimen collected from a patient is cloudy, it means that

the patient may have a urinary tract infection

what odor does a urine specimen have if it has been allowed to stand at room temperature for a long time

ammonia

which of the following tests results indicates a concentrated urine specimen

a. ph: 6

b. red blood cells: 3/HPF

c. protein: trace

d. specific gravity: 1.025

d. specific gravity: 1.025

what is the normal range for the specific gravity of urine

1.005 to 1.030

which of the following substances is NOT normally present in urine

a. ketones

b. blood

c. glucose

d. bilirubin

e. all of these

e. all of these

the pH of most urine specimens is

acidic

the chemical examination of urine can be used to assist in the diagnosis of

a. conditions affecting kidney function

b. urinary tract infections

c. conditions affecting carbohydrate metabolism

d. conditions affecting liver fucntion

e. all of these

e. all of these

a pH reading of 8 on a urine specimen means that the urine is

alkaline

when a patient has a urinary tract infection, all of the following urine chemical tests may be positive EXCEPT

a. nitrite

b. protein

c. ketone bodies

d. leukocytes

c. ketone bodies

which of the following chemical tests on urine may be positive when a patient has diabetes mellitus

a. glucose

b. protein

c. nitrite

d. bilirubin

e. all of these

a. glucose

what is the term for the presence of ketone bodies in the urine

ketonuria

which of the following chemical tests on urine may be positive when a patient has hepatitis

a. glucose

b. protein

c. bilirubin

d. ketone bodies

e. all of these

c. bilirubin

blood may normally be present in the urine due to

menstruation

what type of specimen should be used to test for the presence of nitrite in the urine

first-voided morning specimen

what is the term for the presence of leukocytes in the urine

leukocyturia

which of the following is NOT and example of a qualitative test result

a. trace

b. small

c. 2+

d. 500mg/dL

e. positive

d. 500mg/dL

how should urine reagent strips be stored

a. in a cool area

b. in a opaque container

c. in a dry area

d. with a cap tightly closed

e. all of these

e. all of these

which of the following represents am error in technique when testing a urine specimen with a reagent strip

a. using a freshly voided urine specimen

b. touching the reagent areas with the fingers

c. completely immersing the reagent pads in the urine specimen

d. holding the reagent strip in a horizontal position when reading results

e. all of these

b. touching the reagent areas with the fingers

why is a first-voided morning specimen preferred for performing a microscopic examination of urine

it contains more dissolved substances

what effect does concentrated urine have on red blood cells

it causes them to shrink and become crenated

what performing a microscopic examination of urine, the presence of how many white blood cells/HPF is considered normal

0-5

where are urinary casts formed

in the lumen of the nephron tubules

which of the following is usually found in the urine sediment of a patient with candidiasis

a. parasites

b. yeast cells

c. bacteria

d. casts

b. yeast cells

what is the name of the hormone present only in the urine and blood of a pregnant woman

human chorionic gonadotropin

which of the following represents an error technique when performing a urine pregnancy test

a. a clean specimen container is used to collect the specimen

b. a first-voided morning specimen is used to perform the test

c. the urine specimen is at room temperature

d. the specific gravity of the specimen is 1.003

e. all of these

d. the specific gravity of the specimen is 1.003

if the internal control of a urine pregnancy test does not perform as expected, the test results are interpreted as

invalid

anuria

failure of the kidneys to produce urine

bilirubinuria

the presence of bilirubin in the urine

dysuria

difficult or painful urination

frequency

the condition of having to urinate often

glycosuria

the presence of glucose in the urine

hematuria

blood present in the urine

ketonuria

the presence of ketone bodies in the urine

ketosis

an accumulation of large amounts of ketone bodies in the tissues and body fluids

micturation

the act of voiding urine

nephron

the functional unit of the kidney that filters waste substances from the blood and dilutes them with water to produce urine

nocturia

excessive (voluntary) urination during the night

nocturnal enuresis

inability of an individual to control urination at night during sleep (bed wetting)

oliguria

decreased or scanty output of urine

pH

the unit that describes the acidity or alkalinity of a solution

polyuria

increased output of urine

proteinuria

the presence of protein in the urine

pyuria

the presence of pus in the urine

retention

the inability to empty the bladder; urine is being produced normally but is not being voided

specific gravity

the measurement of the amount dissolved substances present in the urine compared with the same amount of distilled water

urgency

the immediate need to urinate

urinalysis

the physical, chemical, microscopic analysis of urine

urinary incontinence

the inability to retain urine

what type of urine specimen is required for the detection of a UTI

clean-catch midstream specimen

what is the purpose of performing the clean-catch midstream urine collection procedure

to remove microorganisms from the urinary meatus and distal urethra

what is the primary purpose of a 24-hour urine specimen

to diagnose the cause of kidney stone formation and in the control and prevention of new stone formation

what is the purpose of testing the specific gravity of urine

indicates the amount of dissolved substances present in the urine, which provides information of the function of the kidneys

what is the normal range for the pH of urine

4.6-8

what may cause an increase in the pH of urine

bacterial infection of the urinary tract