10) English verb (types of verbs, their characterization and grammar behaviour, finite and non-finite verb forms))

**Lexical (full) verbs**

Verbs that express activities or states.

**Stative verbs**

A specific type of lexical verbs that express only a certain state rather than an action, and aren't usually used in the present continuous form. They relate specifically to thought, opinions, feelings, emotions, senses, perceptions, possession, and measurement.

**Dynamic use of stative verbs**

A grammatical phenomenon consisting of some stative verbs taking the continuous "-ing" form to express a temporary state instead of a permanent one (e.g., feeling ill).

**Modal verbs**

Verbs that express either an approach to a certain activity, specifically the level of certainty (secondary modality) or the level of obligation and how desired/necessary an activity is (primary modality).

**Auxiliary verbs**

Verbs consisting of "do", "have", "be", and "will" that help create the correct verb form and structure to make sentences grammatically correct, specifically capable of inversion to create questions and getting the negative "not" to create negative sentences.

**Primary modality (dispoziční modalita)**

A modal approach consisting of expressing dispositions to actions and the level of obligation, which includes expressing ability, permission, prohibition, offers, requests, suggestions, advisability, duty, obligation, command, necessity, habit, recommendation, willingness, insistence, and intention.

**Secondary modality (jistotní modalita)**

A modal approach consisting of expressing the exact level of certainty, using "must" for 100% certainty, "can't" as its absolute opposite, "may/might" for possibility, and "will" for expectations based entirely on context.

**Grammar characteristics of modal verbs**

A set of rules consisting of modal verbs having exactly one form, being finite (preceded by a subject), acting as operators capable of inversion (except used, have, dare), being followed by bare or to-infinitives, and forming short simple sentences.

**The past of primary modality**

A grammatical structure consisting of suppletive verbs (have to, be able to, be allowed to) used to express the past of modal verbs, since modal verbs cannot simply take the suffix "-ed".

**The past of secondary modality**

A grammatical structure consisting of the past infinitive, which is formed by the verb "have" and a past participle.

**Modal verbs expressing the past**

Specific marginal modal verbs consisting of "used", "could", and "might" that naturally express the past themselves without needing suppletive forms.

**The verb "used" (marginal modal verb)**

A verb used to talk about a repetitive activity in the past that is not true anymore, consisting of a marginal behaviour where it takes a "to-infinitive" and requires the operator "do" to create questions and negatives.

**The passive of modal verbs**

A structure consisting of exactly three parts: the modal verb + the verb "(to) be" + a past participle, used because modal verbs strictly do not have passive forms themselves.

**Operators**

Verbs (including both auxiliary and modal verbs) consisting of the capability to undergo inversion (being placed before subjects to make questions) and the ability to get the negative "not".

**Auxiliary verb "have"**

An operator used to express a preceding activity, consisting of its use in present and past perfect tenses, and in semi-clauses to show an activity happened before the main clause.

**Auxiliary verb "be"**

An operator consisting of exactly two functions: serving in continuous tenses (be + present participle) and serving in the passive voice (be + past participle).

**Auxiliary verb "will"**

An operator consisting of expressing the future in future tenses, which simultaneously functions as a modal verb.

**Auxiliary verb "do"**

An operator consisting of a supportive function in the present simple active and past simple active tenses, used strictly when there is no other verb capable of creating questions or negatives.

**The verb "(to) be"**

The most complicated English verb consisting of fulfilling the functions of all three types of verbs: lexical, auxiliary, and modal.

**Lexical function of "(to) be"**

A function meaning that something exists, consisting of the existential phrase "there is/there are" used to show location or existence.

**Modal function of "(to) be"**

A function expressing a certain kind of approach or level of obligation, consisting of an interpreted command similar to "(to) be supposed to".

**Finite verb forms**

Types of verbs consisting of forms that clearly show tense, person, and number, and are always connected directly with a subject.

**Non-finite verb forms (neurčitá slovesa)**

Types of verbs consisting of forms that do not show tense, person, and number, are completely disconnected from a subject, and strictly include infinitives, participles, and gerunds.

**Semi-clauses (non-finite clauses)**

Non-finite clauses consisting of missing subjects, acting as sentence condensation where a dependent clause is simplified, shortened, and replaced with a non-finite verb (a participle or an infinitive).

**Infinitives**

Non-finite verb forms consisting of usage after modal verbs, nouns, adjectives, or certain lexical verbs, which can take multiple forms: active vs. passive, simultaneous vs. preceding (have + past participle), and bare vs. "to" infinitive.

**Participles**

Non-finite verb forms consisting of exactly two kinds: the present participle and the past participle.

**Present participle**

A participle form ending strictly in "-ing", consisting of usage in continuous tenses, or serving as a verbal noun and an adjective.

**Past participle**

A participle form consisting of usage strictly in the passive voice and in perfect tenses.

**Participle clauses**

Semi-clauses consisting of present, past, or perfect participles (acting similarly to the Czech "přechodník") used to connect sentences and express simultaneous or preceding actions.

**Gerund**

A non-finite verb form acting as a verbal noun, consisting of usage after prepositions, certain lexical verbs, specific phrases like "can't help", "mind", or "deny", and expressing long-term affection.