Phonics and Phonetics Review Flashcards

This set of vocabulary flashcards covers phonological processes, IPA symbols and diacritics, places and manners of articulation, voicing, transcription types, vowel characteristics, and syllable structure components as presented in the lecture notes.

Fronting

A phonological process where back sounds ($/k, g/$) become front sounds ($/t, d/$). Example: “car” $\rightarrow$ “tar”.

Gliding

A phonological process where liquids ($/r, l/$) become glides ($/w, j/$). Example: “rabbit” $\rightarrow$ “wabbit” ($r, l \rightarrow w, j$).

Stopping

A phonological process where fricatives or affricates become stop consonants. Example: “sun” $\rightarrow$ “tun”.

Deaffrication

A phonological process where affricates (“t͡ʃ,” “j”) become fricatives (“sh,” “zh”). Example: “chair” $\rightarrow$ “share”.

Cluster Reduction

A phonological process where one consonant in a blend is deleted. Example: “spoon” $\rightarrow$ “poon”.

Final Consonant Deletion

A phonological process where the last consonant in a word is omitted. Example: “dog” $\rightarrow$ “do”.

Weak Syllable Deletion

A phonological process where an unstressed syllable is deleted. Example: “banana” $\rightarrow$ “nana”.

Assimilation

A phonological process where one sound becomes more like another nearby sound. Example: “dog” $\rightarrow$ “gog”.

Glottal Stop ($[ʔ]$)

An IPA symbol representing a sound where airflow briefly stops in the throat. Example: “uh-oh” $[ʔ]$.

Tap/Flap ($[ɾ]$)

An IPA symbol representing a quick tongue tap common in American English. Example: “water,” “butter” $[ɾ]$.

Aspiration ($[ʰ]$)

An IPA diacritic indicating a puff of air after a sound ($p^{h}, t^{h}, k^{h}$). Example: $[pʰɪn]$.

Unreleased Stop ([̚])

An IPA diacritic indicating a stop consonant is made but not fully released ([p̚\ t̚\ k̚]). Example: [kæt̚].

Length Mark ($[ː]$)

An IPA symbol indicating the sound is held longer. Example: $[iː]$.

Nasalization ([ ̃])

An IPA diacritic indicating air flows through the nose during the sound. Example: $[\tilde{a}]$.

Syllabic Consonant ([n̩ ])

An IPA diacritic indicating a consonant acts as a syllable. Example: “button” [n̩ ].

Bilabial

Sounds made with both lips. Examples: $/p, b, m/$.

Labiodental

Sounds made with the bottom lip touching the top teeth. Examples: $/f, v/$.

Dental

Sounds made when the tongue touches the teeth. Example: /θ/

Alveolar

Sounds made when the tongue touches the alveolar ridge. Examples: $/t, d, s, z, n/$.

Palatal

Sounds made with the tongue near the hard palate. Examples: /j, t͡ʃ, ʃ/

Velar

Sounds made when the back of the tongue touches the soft palate. Examples: $$/k, g,

Glottal

Sounds made in the throat. Examples: $/h, ʔ/$.

Stops

A manner of articulation where airflow completely stops. Examples: $/p, b, t, d, k, g/$.

Fricatives

A manner of articulation involving continuous airflow and friction. Examples: $/f, v, s, z, sh/$.

Affricates

A manner of articulation where sounds start as stops and release into fricatives. Examples: $/ch, j/$.

Nasals

A manner of articulation where air flows through the nose. Examples: $/m, n, ng/$.

Liquids

A manner of articulation represented by the sounds $/r/$ and $/l/$.

Glides

A manner of articulation represented by the sounds $/w/$ and $/j/$.

Voiced Sounds

Sounds produced while the vocal cords vibrate. Examples: $/b, d, g, z/$.

Voiceless Sounds

Sounds produced without vocal cord vibration. Examples: $/p, t, k, s/$.

Broad Transcription

A type of transcription that uses phonemes only. Example: $/water/$.

Narrow Transcription

A type of transcription that includes detailed speech information and diacritics. Example: $[wɑɾɚ]$.

Tense Vowels

Vowels produced with more muscle tension. Examples: $/i, u/$.

Lax Vowels

Vowels produced with less muscle tension. Examples: $/ɪ, ʊ/$.

Diphthong

A vowel sound that glides from one position to another. Example: $/aɪ/$ in “bike”.

Minimal Pair

Two words that differ by only one sound. Examples: bat/pat, sip/zip.

Onset

The consonant(s) in a syllable that appear before the vowel.

Nucleus

The vowel sound in a syllable.

Coda

The consonant(s) in a syllable that appear after the vowel.