Exam 4

Section 1

Section 1

main function of the endocrine system

Maintain homeostasis Communicate with organs via hormones

organs in the endocrine system

Glands

Hormones

Signaling molecules that travels through bloodstream

Two types of hormones

Water soluble (amino acid) needs assistance to get through and Lipid soluble (steroids) Does Not need assistance to get through

Anterior pituitary

Gland controlled by hypothalamus produces hormones

Posterior pituitary

Nervous tissue controlled by hypothalamus stores and releases hormones

Follicle-stimulating

gamete (sperm and egg) production

Luteinizing

production of sex hormones, triggers ovulation

Thyroid-stimulating

releases the thyroid hormone

Adrenocorticotropic

Increases release of adrenal cortex hormones

Anti-diuretic

increases water reabsorption in the kidneys

Pineal

Controlled by epithalamus releases melatonin

Thyroid Gland

In throat releases Calcitonin and thyroid hormones

Calcitonin

reduces calcium levels in the blood

Thyroid hormone

increases the basal metabolic rate

Parathyroid Gland

Tiny glands on top of thyroid gland releases parathyroid hormones

Parathyroid hormones

increases calcium levels in the blood, uses vitamin D3

Pancreas

Has Pancreatic islets that produces hormones

Glucagon

increase blood sugar levels

Insulin

decrease blood sugar levels

Adrenal gland

Fight or flight

Adrenal cortex

Outer layer of gland

Adrenal medulla

Inner layer of gland

Aldosterone

increase sodium retention and blood pressure

Cortisol

help the body adjust to stress

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

fight-or-flight response

Testes

Male gonad that produces testosterone

Ovaries

Female gonad that produces Estrogen and Progesterone

Testosterone

characteristics and sperm development

Estrogen

characteristics and regulates the menstrual cycle

Progesterone

Helps with pregnancy

Negative feedback loop

keeps processes in a narrow range

Positive feedback loop

amplification of processes

Section 2

section 2

main functions of the cardiovascular system

Transports oxygen nutrients and hormones, removes CO2 and waste, regulates temperature pH and fluids, and defends against pathogens

Organs in cardiovascular system

Heart blood vessels and blood

Whole blood

everything together (cells and liquid matrix)

Formed elements

the cellular components specifically

Hematocrit

Red blood cells

Buffy coat

White blood cells

Blood plasma

liquid matrix Carries cells and its materials

Erythrocytes

Red blood cells Contains four hemoglobin proteins

hemoglobin

Heme - iron pigment, binds oxygen Globin - binds to heme

Platelets

tiny cell fragments in your blood that help with clotting

Neutrophils

phagocytize bacteria

Eosinophils

attacks parasitic worms

Basophils

enhances inflammation, opposes blood clotting

Granular leukocytes

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, and Basophils

Natural Killer cells (NK cells)

kills infected or abnormal cells without needing prior exposure

Macrophages

moved from the blood into body tissues, phagocytize material, antigen presenting cells

What elements are contained in blood plasma

bilirubin , Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogen

What is "bad" about LDL?

Can increase risk of heart disease

A+ antigens

A and RHD

A+ antibodies

B

A- antigens

A

A- Antibodies

B and RHD

B+ antigens

B and RHD

B+ Antibodies

A

B- Antigens

B

B- antibodies

A and RHD

AB+ antigens

A B and RHD

AB+ antibodies

None

AB- antigens

A B

AB- antibodies

RHD

O+ Antigens

RHD

O+ Antibodies

A B

O- Antigens

None

O- Antibodies

A B RHD

Why is O- a universal donor?

Because it has no antigens

Why is AB+ a universal recipient?

Because it has no antibodies

Section 3

Section 3

Which side of the heart goes to the pulmonary circuit?

Right side of the heart sends blood to the lungs

Which side of the heart goes to the systemic circuit?

Left side of the heart sends blood to the body

What is the function of capillaries?

Exchange of oxygen carbon dioxide nutrients and waste between blood and tissues

What happens with atrioventricular and semilunar valves during systole?

AV valves close and semilunar valves open

What happens with atrioventricular and semilunar valves during diastole?

AV valves open and semilunar valves close

Why are intercalated discs helpful?

They allow rapid electrical communication between heart cells and coordinate contraction

Where is the SA node located?

In the right atrium near the superior vena cava

What is the electrical pathway of a heartbeat?

SA node to atria to AV node with slight delay to atrioventricular bundle to left and right bundle branches to Purkinje fibers

Section 4

Section 4

coronary circuit

Supplies blood within heart

pulmonary circuit

Supplies blood from heart to lungs

Right coronary artery

supplies blood to the right side of the heart

Left coronary artery

supplies blood to the left side of the heart

Right marginal artery

supplies blood to the lateral right ventricle

Left marginal artery

supplies blood to the lateral left ventricle

Anterior interventricular artery

supplies blood to the anterior ventricles

Posterior interventricular artery

supplies blood to the posterior ventricles

Circumflex artery

supplies blood to the posterior left ventricle

Basilar artery

supplies blood to the brainstem and parts of the cerebellum

Middle cerebral artery

supplies blood to the temporal and parietal lobes

Anterior cerebral artery

supplies blood to the frontal lobe

Posterior cerebral artery

supplies blood to the occipital lobe and brain stem

subclavian artery

supplies blood to the right upper limb and right side of the thorax

Axillary artery

supplies blood to the armpit area

Brachial artery

supplies blood to the arm

Ulnar artery

supplies blood to the medial forearm and hand

Radial artery

supplies blood to the lateral forearm and hand

Celiac trunk

supplies blood to the upper abdominal viscera (organs)