Exclusionary Rule, Standing, and Suppression Exceptions

Mapp

The exclusionary rule applies to the states. Evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment is inadmissible in state criminal prosecutions.

Herring

Exclusion applies only when police misconduct is deliberate, reckless, grossly negligent, or systemic. Isolated negligence may not justify suppression.

Rakas

A defendant can suppress evidence only if his own Fourth Amendment rights were violated. Mere passengers usually lack standing to challenge a search of areas like the glove box or under the seat.

Murray

Independent source doctrine: evidence first seen during an illegal search is admissible if later obtained through a lawful warrant independent of the illegal search.

Nix

Inevitable discovery doctrine: illegally obtained evidence is admissible if the government proves by a preponderance that it inevitably would have been found through lawful means.

Wong Sun

Fruit of unlawful police conduct is excluded unless the connection between illegality and evidence becomes sufficiently attenuated to dissipate the taint.

Brown

Miranda warnings alone do not automatically purge the taint of an illegal arrest. Attenuation depends on time, intervening circumstances, and purpose/flagrancy of misconduct.

Leon

Good faith exception: evidence is not excluded when officers reasonably rely on a warrant issued by a neutral magistrate, even if the warrant is later found invalid. No good faith if affidavit/warrant is obviously defective or magistrate abandons neutrality.