BIO151 UNIT 4 CH. 30

seed

consists of an embryo & food supply, surrounded by a protective coat; when mature, it’s dispersed from their parent by the wind & other means, colonizing distant locations

integument

a layer of sporophyte tissue, protecting the megasporangium

ovule

the whole structure, containing megasporangium, megaspore, & their integumentary; inside, a female gametophyte developed from a megaspore which produces 1 or more eggs

pollen grain

develops from microspore, consisting of a male gametophyte enclosed within the pollen wall

pollination

the transfer of pollen to the part of a seed plant that contains the ovules

conifers

gymnosperms, cone-bearing plants; eg: pines, firs, redwoods

flower

an angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction; has up to 4 types of modified leaves called floral organs (sepal, petal, stamen, carpel)

for some, insects/other animals transfer the pollen from one flower to another

for others, the wind carries the pollen around

sepal

starts at the base of the flower, green & enclose the flower before it opens

petals

interior to the sepals, usually brightly-colored & aids in attracting pollinators

those that are wind-pollinated usually lack brightly-colored parts

stamens

microsporophylls; produce microspores that develop into pollen grains containing male gametophytes;

filament: the stalk

anther: terminal sac where pollen is produced

carpels

megasporophylls; product megaspore that give rise to female gametophytes & it is where seeds are enclosed;

stigma: recieves pollen

style: leads from stigma to the ovary, which contains one or more ovule

integument

a layer of sporophyte tissue that envelops & protects the megasporangium

stigma

recieves pollen

style

leads from the stigma to a structure at the base of the carpel

ovary

contains one or more ovules

pistil

refers to a single carpel

other times refers to two or more fused carpels

embryo sac

consists of an egg

cross-pollination

in which angiosperms is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower on one plant to the stigma of a flower on another plant of the same species

micropyle

a pore in the integuments of the ovule,

double fertilization

in which one fertilization event produces a zygote & the other produces a triploid cell (3n)

this is unique to angiosperms

endosperm

tissue rich in starch & other food reserves that nourish developing embryo

basal angiosperms

amborella, water lilies, star anise

diverged from other angiosperms early in the history of the group

magnoliids

consists of mostly magnolia, laurels, and black pepper plants

what separates gymnosperms & angiosperms from other plants? how does this affect their ability to disperse & colonize? are they homosporous or heterosporous?

they produce seeds for reproduction, appearance of pollen as an airborne agent that brings gametes together

what is produced in the microsporangium of a seed plant?

microspores via meiosis

describe the structure of a megasporangium in a seed plant