The Scientific Method - Chp 1

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Last updated 3:31 PM on 5/30/26
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12 Terms

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Biology

the study of living things

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The scientific method

the steps that are followed to solve a problem, the method for gathering information on which all experiments should be based

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What are the main steps of the scientific method?

  • make observations
  • form a hypothesis
  • design a controlled experiment
  • collect and interpret data
  • form a conclusion
  • compare conclusion
  • reports and publish results
  • develop theories and principles
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Hypothesis

a possible explanation base on observations that must be testable

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Under what conditions should and experiment be carried out

  • carefully planned and designed
  • carried out in a safe manner
  • including a control
  • free from bias
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Control

used to provide a comparison to judge the actual experiment against

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How to ensure a fair experiment?

Sample size - larger samples produce more reliable results
Random selection - the selection for a sample must be random to prevent bias
Replication - others must be able to repeat and replicate an experiment in order to verify the results
Double blind testing - the experiment group and control group are unknown to the investigator and to each other to prevent bias that might affect the results

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Placebo

a control used in drugs testing, which appears identical to the actual drug

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What are the limitations of the scientific method?

Insufficient knowledge - this can lead to incorrect hypotheses, but as time passes more knowledge is gained allowing science to progress

Method of investigation - inadequate observation or design can cause misleading or incorrect results

Misinterpreting results - results in incorrect conclusions and hypotheses

Changes in the natural world - as living things are constantly changing hypotheses must also change

Accidental discoveries - some discoveries are made by chance and not as a result of the scientific method

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Ethics

relates to whether conduct is morally right or wrong

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Give an example of an ethical issue:

  • freezing human embyros

  • cloning animals

  • contraception, abortion

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