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Toxins

Substances that can cause harm to living organisms.

Insecticides

Chemicals designed to kill or repel insects.

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that plays a key role in the transmission of nerve impulses.

Organophosphates

A class of insecticides that inhibit the enzyme acetylcholinesterase.

Carbamates

A class of insecticides similar to organophosphates but generally safer.

Neonicotinoids

Insecticides that mimic nicotine and bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Pyrethroids

Synthetic insecticides derived from pyrethrins that are less toxic to mammals.

Cholinesterase

An enzyme responsible for breaking down acetylcholine in the synapse.

SLEDGM

Mnemonic for clinical signs of cholinergic toxicity: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea, Gastrointestinal distress, and Muscle twitching.

3 Killer Bees

Bronchospasm, Bronchorrhea, and Bradycardia as major symptoms of acetylcholine toxicity.

Remediation

The act of correcting or improving a toxic situation, often through the use of antidotes or treatments.

Antagonist

A substance that blocks or inhibits the action of a neurotransmitter.

Hyperexcitation

An excessive response of neurons, often leading to seizures or muscle spasms.

Methemoglobinemia

A condition where hemoglobin is modified to methemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport.

GABA

Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid, a neurotransmitter that inhibits nerve transmission.

Avermectins

A class of drugs that act as agonists at GABA receptors, leading to hyperpolarization.

Exposure Routes

Ways in which a toxin can enter the body, such as ingestion, inhalation, or dermal contact.

Lipid Soluble

A property of some chemicals that allows them to pass through cell membranes easily.

Toxicity Levels

A scale that measures the harmful effects of a substance, often expressed in milligrams per kilogram.