exam 4 ch 7 im GOING to end it

US Americans typically use ____ gallons of water daily.

80-100 gallons

Why isn't water distributed evenly throughout the U.S?

The eastern part of the U.S. has more water due to the combination of the Gulf and the Atlantic, receiving more rain than the west, which is drier climate.

Waterborne diseases are the number one killer in the world

True

How many people die from contaminated water every year?

3.5 million

How do people die from contaminated water?

Polio can spread through water, mosquitoes use water for breeding grounds, etc.

Where is the bulk of the world's freshwater?

Frozen in Greenland and Antarctica

How much of the Earth's freshwater is easily and actually accessible?

1%

How many gallons were the residents of Cape Town enforeced to consume per day during the drought in 2018?

6.5 gallons

Research papers are suggesting that most of the alpine glaciers in the continental U.S. will be gone by the year…

2035

Embedded water

An invisible water that should be aware of. All of the water that we use to produce goods that we consume in some way. Consumption, but non-renewable.

60% of the water that Isreal produces goes through something called

Desalinization

Desalinization

A process where you are removing the salt from something (water).

Why is desalinization not widely accepted and implemented?

Very expensive as it costs a lot of energy to do. It would also harm the local community

Why is marine the environment/ecosystem that's the greatly impacted?

Very quick to respond to pollution, chemical meltdowns, overharvesting and overfishing.

A typical human loses 2-3 liters of water per day from doing what?

Sweating, exhaling water vapor, and waste excretion

Reservoirs

Parts of Earth where a material (such as water) remains for a period of time; also, a term used for an artificial water body behind a dam

Hydrosphere

All the places that hold water on Earth, including surface water, groundwater, glaciers, and water in the atmosphere.

Residence time

The time a molecule spends in a particular reservoir

The average residence time for the atmosphere is how much?

10 days

When precipitation drains into groundwater, it can form…

Aquifers

Aquifers

Subsurface areas of rock or sediment where water can accumulate or slowly pass through into oceans, lakes and rivers at a rate of 1 foot per year

Earth's water resources are interconnected, meaning:

They are constantly moving from one reservoir to another

Groundwater-dependent ecosystems

Communities of organisms that require groundwater to meet at least some of their water needs

Stygobites

Organisms that live exclusively underground and never see light

Surface water ecosystems

Freshwater most available for human use, such as rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands

Glaciers

Masses of ice that flow over land surfaces and can last all year

Lentic ecosystem

An ecosystem in a lake, pond, or other relatively still water. "Means 'lake'"

Lotic ecosystems

Chaos, running water. Flowing water systems such as rivers and streams.

All of the energy that a lake perceives is from what?

Some sort of sunlight

Littoral zone

The shallow-water of a lentic system is found near the shore, receives relatively high light penetration, and tends to host the greatest quality and diversity of organisms

Pelagic zone

Beyond the shore which is divided into the photic and aphotic zone.

Photic sone

Enough light to support plant photosynthesis

Aphotic zone

Less light penetration

The food availability of that food web is going to be based on…

How much sunlight that system is getting

Rivers

A natural body of water that is flowing. Much more dynamic and changes from day to day

Most of rivers and streams start where?

Up in the mountains

Wetlands

An environment where water inundates it for a long period of time.

There is a common language when refering to wetlands around the world

False

Wetlands are one of the most protected ecosystem in the world

True

What dictates a wetland's specification?

Its vegetation

If you have a wetland that has trees, it is called a…

Swamp

If you have a wetland that has spartana, or high/tall grass, it is called a…

Marsh

Where are the most biologically active environments in the world and have biodiversity hotspots/endemic species?

Estuaries

Estuaries

A place (or wetlands) where freshwater meets salt water

What you get in Estuaries is going to be dictated by

Where you are in the world

Estuaries in the tropics have

A vast amount of sunlight, meaning it has a lot of energy and moisture. You get mangrove swamps. Places like these include Brazil, Florida and southern parts of Texas

Estuaries in the subtropics have

Less sunlight, still warm, but have marshy outlets and barrier islands.

How many states does the Ogallala Aquifer feed?

8 states

Recharge

Process of adding water to a groundwater system.

It typically takes ___ years for aquifers to be recharged

10,000 years

Water mining

Withdrawing water and not replenishing it to make up for the water consumer, slowing the process of recharging.

There is evidence to suggest that groundwater pumping, and water mining is so widespread globally that it is …

Causing the Earth to slow down and spin due to changing the amount of water that's on the planet

Subsidence

The sinking or collapse of the ground surface due to water draining from underground pore spaces

Impervious Surface

Areas where water can't percolate down and get in the ground, so it finds other places to go. This is what causes devastating flash floods in urban cities. This also makes lakes become higher than they naturally are due to the water being redirected into lakes and/or streams instead of into the ground.

Why is the Mississippi River no longer classify as a river

Men change the path of where the water flows to avoid flooding

Diverting surface water upstream can…

Diminish available water downstream, which is what happened at the mouth of the Colorado River in the Gulf of California after upstream damming

Two types of Water pollution

Point source and Nonpoint source

Point source pollution

Being able to pinpoint the source of the contamination such as detectable sewage

Nonpoint source pollution

Harder to pinpoint where the source of the contaminant came from.

Sediment pollution

Large amounts of loose soil are swept into waterways causing cloudy or turbid waters that reduce light penetration. Can clog fishes' gills and kill organisms due to the lack of oxygen from low production of photosynthesis

Chemical pollution

Any chemical that gets into the water through agriculture or some sort of energy production

Biological pollution

Caused by cattle and feedlot runoff into freshwater systems.

Continental glaciers

Antarctica and Greenland

Permafrost

Soil that is frozen

Sea Ice

Ice that's trapped in oceanic water and is floating around as icebergs

Cryosphere

The frozen parts of Earth's surface and crust

How is the ice in the Arctic the pacemaker of our climate system?

It dictates how much sunlight comes in and how much gets bounced back to the atmosphere

Ice Age

Temperatures cold enough to cover large areas of the continents and mountains with ice. Last about 100,000 years. Dictates natural climate variability on a global skill

Interstadials

100,000 years of warming period

What do ocean currents do?

Drive and redistribute energy across the world

Salinity

Salt content

What are the two places where ocean salts are derived from?

Ocean vents at the bottom of the ocean that bring salt up into the water

Surface currents

Normally the first 400 (1,200 feet) meters, the source that helps distribute these currents are wind

Gyres

Ocean currents are bent into large circular currents

Deep currents

Influenced by temperature and salt content

What keeps our oceans flowing?

Relationship between temperature and salt

Thermohaline conveyor

Large-scale circulation driven by surface and deep water ocean currents that distribute energy across the globe

Upwelling

Wind pushing surface currents away and allows cold water to rise upward.

Where does the El Niño/La Niña set off?

Peru

El Niño in the U.S (Alabama)

More moisture, more rain and less severe natural disasters due to the ongoing energy of rain, hotter summer, winter's more mild

La Niña in the U.S. (Alabama)

Drought, Altantic hurricane activity starts going through the roof, cooler global temperatures

Upwelling
A. occurs in areas where there are no currents.
B. is the flow of warm water upward toward the ocean surface.
C. occurs when winds blow at right angles to a coastline.
D. brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface, promoting high levels of
productivity.
E. transports oxygen from deep to surface waters.

Brings benthic nutrients to the ocean surface, promoting high levels of productivity

In thermohaline circulation of global current systems, surface water is
A. saltier and colder.
B. cold and dense.
C. less salty, less dense, and warmer.
D. warm and dense.
E. driven by winds from north to south.

Less salty, less dense, and warmer.

Humans use more freshwater for ________ than for any other purpose.
A. agricultural irrigation of crops
B. cooking and drinking
C. household use
D. industrial processes
E. producing hydrogen fuel

Agricultural irrigation of crops

The Coriolis effect
A. keeps Earth from spinning too fast.
B. is caused by the moon.
C. results in seasonal periods of 24-hour darkness at the poles in winter.
D. keeps the wind circulating at constant speed around the planet.
E. is a force caused by Earth's rotation

Is a force caused by Earth's rotation.

At the ocean floor, we find the ________ zone of the ocean where organisms live
off of organic matter that sinks from dead and decaying creatures above.
A. neritic
B. benthic
C. intertidal
D. littoral
E. oceanic

Benthic

Mineral

Naturally occurring, Inorganic, Definite chemical composition, Crystalline structure

Mafic

Of or pertaining to rocks rich in dark, ferromagnesian minerals

Felsic

Of, relating to, or denoting a group of light-colored minerals including feldspar, quartz, and muscovite.

Rock

Any natural material, hard or soft having a distinctive mineral composition.

Igneous

(Of rock) having solidified from lava or magma

Igneous Extrusive

Rocks that have been forced out in a molten or plastic condition upon the surface of the earth (volcanism)

Igneous Intrusive

Formed from magma forced into older rocks at depths within the Earth's crust, which then slowly solidifies below the Earth's surface

Sedimentary

Rock formed of mechanical, chemical, or organic sediment

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Rocks that are deposited from aqueous solutions and precipitation which may be caused by chemical or biochemical processes

Metamorphic

Rock that was once one form of rock but has changed to another under the influence of heat, pressure, or some other agent without passing through a liquid phase

When James Balog began his investigation of glaciers, the Solheim Glacier in Iceland was receding ______ feet a year.

Several hundred

Balog first started his photo recording of the glaciers by taking pictures in the months of ____ and ____ in order to observe the changes over summer

April; October

ElS stands for

Extreme Ice Surey

When glaciers break off icebergs into the ocean, it is called

Calving