Anthropology 1001 Tague LSU Exam 2

interaction b/w natural selection and mutation

multiple alleles of a gene at relatively high frequencies within a pop/species

polymorphism

polymorphism is due to _______________, acting on ______________, caused by __________________.

natural selection, genetic variation, mutation

in polymorphism, a new allele has to provide a natural selective advantage to _______________ meaningfully in a population.

increase

New alleles are formed by _______________________

mutation

more than 2 alleles exist for a gene

at least 2 have a frequency of >1%

balanced polymorphism

balanced polymorphism is due to ______________________ having higher fitness (higher natural selective advantage) than _______________________.

heterozygotes, homozygotes

example of balanced polymorphism

sickle cell trait

sickle cell hemoglobin is caused by ____________________ affecting one amino acid in a beta chain

one point mutation

Bergman's rule states that body mass is ___________ in areas with _______________ temperatures

higher, lower

Allen's Rule states that arms/legs are ______________ in areas with _______________ temperatures

shorter, lower

x^3 / x^2 : :

mass / surface area

populations living in _______________ (high/low) temperature environments show a HIGHER basal metabolic rate

low

a high basal metabolic rate is the efficient cycling of ____________________ & ______________________

vasoconstriction, vasodilation

one with a high basal metabolic rate has a __________________ (higher/lower) temp of their ________________________.

higher, fingers and toes

populations living in _______________ (high/low) temperature environments have a lower basal metabolic rate

high

low temperature environment = ____________________ adaptation

extremeties

high temperature environment = ___________________ adaptation

hypothermic

adaptations to low temp environments by body shape, metabolism, and blood flow are examples of ______________________.

developmental acclimatizations

the adaptation to high altitude is ____________________

hypoxia

hyperventilation, increase in red blood cell production, increase is 2,3-DPG, and increase in # of blood vessels are all examples of ________________________

reversible short-term acclimatizations

function: increase in concentration difference of )2 b/w lungs and blood

hyperventilation

function: increase # of "vehicles" for picking up and carrying O2

increase in red blood cell production

function: releases O2 from hemoglobin, thereby maintaining concentration gradient for diffusion of O2 from blood to cells

2,3-DPG

function: increase surface area for diffusion of O2 from blood to cells

increase in number of blood vessels

increase in lung capacity, enlargement of heart, and increase in chest circumference due to high altitude are all examples of ______________________________.

irreversible acclimatizations

Behavioral, short-term acclimation, developmental (irreversible) acclimation, and genetic(result of natural selection) are all examples of ____________________________________.

human adaptation

determination of relationships among groups of organisms

systematics

classification of organisms

taxonomy

who devised taxonomic scheme?

Carolus Linnaeus

List the categories of taxonomy in order

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

list the taxa for humans

animalia, chordata, mammalia, primates, hominides, homo, sapiens

Linnaeus used ___________ ________________ to reference species

binomial nomenclature

proper way to write genus and species (write out "genus species" assuming it is written in italics)

Genus species

Linnaeus considered each group (i.e., taxon) of organisms to have an "________________"

essence

set of traits unique to a group of organisms; it is fixed (cannot change)

essence

organisms in the same _________________ share the same suite of traits

species

if two or more species have the same traits in common, they may be classified in same ___________________

genus

if two or more genus have the same traits in common, they may be classified in same ___________________

family

to Linnaeus, there is no _____________ ______________ among taxonomic categories

fundamental difference

Modern biologists consider species category to be ___________________ than other taxonomic categories

different

a species is a real group of organisms able to ____________________ with each other. (modern biologist view)

interbreed

Species is a unit of ________________________. (modern biologist view)

evolution

to modern biologists, higher taxonomic categories are _________________ __________________ that provide structure to diversity of species.

human constructs

what are the two suborders of primates?

strepsirhini and haplorhini

The two infraorders of haplorhini are tarsilformes and ________________.

anthropoidea

The _______________________ superfamily belongs to the catarrhini parrorder.

hominoidia

The hylobatidae and _____________________ families belong to the hominoidia superfamily

hominidae

how to calculate dental formula

maxillary teeth/mandibular teeth

dental formula only shows ______________ of dentition

half

insectivory diets means an animal eats ______________

insects

frugivory diet means an animal eats ________________

fruit

folivory diet means an animal eats __________________

foliage (leaves)

omnivory diet means an animal eats ___________________

varied diet

leaping, quadrupedalism, arm-swinging/brachiation, bipedalism are all forms of _______________________.

locomotion

noyau adults dispersed and do not form a social group, single-male and multiple male relationships

polygany

what is the genus of chimpanzees?

pan

what are the two species of chimpanzee?

Pan _____________________ & Pan _______________________

troglodytes, paniscus

found in Central and Western Africa

chimpanzee (chimpanzees)

main diet of chimpanzees

frugivory (fruit)

knuckle-walkers

chimps and gorillas

-arms longer than legs

-broader thorax

-more mobile/flexible wrist

-"stiff back" (fewer lumbar vertebrae)

-no tail

-dental formula (2,1,2,3/2,1,2,3)

-Y-5 cusp pattern on lower molars

gorillas

which primate has...

dental formula: 2,1,2,3/2,1,2,3

Y-5 cusp on lower molars

gorillas

-tool use

-hunts smaller mammals

-multiple-male polygyny

mating patterns: "promiscuity" or short-term pairbonding

-males remain in troop while females emigrate

-MALES ARE TERRITORIAL

chimpanzee bahvior

male __________________ are territorial and will attack males from other troops

chimpanzees

____________________________ are models for understanding earliest human ancestors

chimpanzees

populations differ in tools and behavior is evidence that chimps have _______________________.

culture

-not territorial

-2 instances of tool use

gorilla behavior

Orangutans are from the _______________ genus

pongo

_________________________ are slow, cautious climbers in trees

orangutans

some small-bodies new world monkeys species have a __________________________ social organization

polyandrous

female new world monkeys have a _________ body size and give birth to _____________

small, twins

new world monkey mothers use multiple males to carry her twins so she can still ____________ and ______________________.

forage, avoid predators

Several new world monkey males assist in offspring care because they are _______________________ about paternity

uncertain

-small-bodied (<1 lb)

-found in Southeast Asia

-diet: insectivory

-locomotion: leaping

tarsiers

tarsiers, lemurs, lorises are all ______________-bodied primates

small

tarsier, lorises, and lemurs get protein from their _______________ diets

insectivory

large-bodied primates get protein from ____________

foliage (leaves)

-very large eyes

-legs longer than arms

-non-prehensile tail (not able to hold objects w tail)

-dry, hairy area around nose

morphologies of tarsiers (tarsiers)

-nocturnal (large eyes associated w nocturnality)

-social organization: noyau (monogamy)

behavior of tarsiers (tarsiers)

only primate found in Madagascar

lemurs

found in Africa and Southeast Asia

lorises

locomotion of lemurs and lorises

leapers (leaping, slow cautious climbing)

Leaping allows small-bodies primates (such as lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers) to cross gaps in _______________ ____________.

forest canopy

-large eyes

-moist, hairless area around nose

smaller brains than tarsiers & anthropoids

-dental formula: 2,1,3,3/2,1,3,3

-dental comb (tooth comb)

-non-prehensile tail

morphologies of lemurs and lorises (lemurs and lorises)

sleeping pattern of lemurs and lorises

nocturnal

-only occurs in lemurs and lorises

-bunched lower canines and incisors

dental comb

unique dental formula of Daubentonia madegascaensis (aye-aye)

1,0,1,3/1,0,0,3

Daubentonia madegascaensis (aye-aye) have a unique ____________ anatomy

hand

-diurnal

-multiple-male polygany

Lemur catta

disease caused by a parasite transmitted b/w individuals by mosquitos

malaria

sickle cell and malaria are both located across what continent?

africa

________________________ for sickle cell have lower rate of malarial infection compared to _________________________ for "normal" hemoglobins

heterozygotes, homozygotes

heterozygotes have selectiove _____________ of red blood cells with the sickle-cell allele

destruction

_______________________ red blood cells sickle and kill malaria parasites

infected

heterozygotes of sickle cell allele can _________________________ and supply oxygen to tissues and _____________________ malarian parasitic proliferation

conjoin, suppress

malaria and sickle-cell are an example of ___________________ because alleles for both normal and sickle cell hemoglobin are maintained at high frequencies

balanced polymorphism

spread of _______________________ agriculture is related to natural selective advantage of sickle cell allele

(agricultural practices->mosquito spread->human malaria-> spread of sickle cell mutation)

slash and burn

thalassemia and G-6-PD deficiency are other examples of

red blood cell polymorphisms

natural selection is _________________

opportunistic

natural selection acts on the ___________________/_______________ variability

phenotypic, genotypic