Thẻ ghi nhớ: What is an unfair advantage in sport? | Quizlet

Keeled over

/kiːld ˈəʊvə(r)/ (phrasal verb) [collapsed, fainted, passed out] - To fall over suddenly, especially because you feel ill or faint. Ngã quỵ, ngất xỉu đột ngột. Example: In the third lap, one runner keeled over and with six laps to go, two more were carried away.

Moved up a gear

/muːvd ʌp ə ɡɪə(r)/ (idiom) [accelerated, sped up, stepped it up] - To start to do something with more energy, speed, or effort. Tăng tốc, chuyển biến sang giai đoạn mạnh mẽ hơn. Example: But suddenly he too began to struggle, and as the frontrunners moved up a gear, a gap opened up.

Staggering

/ˈstæɡərɪŋ/ (adjective) [astounding, shocking, mind-blowing] - So great, shocking, or surprising that it is difficult to believe. Đáng kinh ngạc, gây sửng sốt. Example: In 2008, a staggering 105 world records were broken in swimming...

Sanctioned

/ˈsæŋkʃnd/ (verb) [approved, authorized, permitted] - To give official permission or approval for an action. Được phê duyệt, cấp phép chính thức. Example: The LZR was initially sanctioned by FINA, the international swimming body.

Arbitrary

/ˈɑːbɪtrəri/ (adjective) [random, subjective, unreasoned] - Not seeming to be based on a reason, system or plan; capricious. Tùy tiện, độc đoán, mang tính cảm tính. Example: But whatever the outcome, rulings should not appear arbitrary...Exotic /ɪɡˈzɒtɪk/ (adjective) [Foreign, unusual, alien] - Exciting or unusual because it seems to be connected with foreign countries. Ngoại lai, kỳ lạ, từ nước ngoài đưa vào. Example: They show a fleet of ships bearing exotic cargo, navigating through high-crested waves on a journey.

High-crested

/haɪ krestɪd/ (adjective) [Tall-waved, surging] - Having a high top or peak, especially referring to waves with large foaming tops. (Sóng) có ngọn cao, sóng lớn dập dềnh. Example: They show a fleet of ships bearing exotic cargo, navigating through high-crested waves on a journey.

Fictitious

/fɪkˈtɪʃəs/ (adjective) [Imaginary, invented, made-up] - Invented by somebody rather than true or real. Hư cấu, tưởng tượng, không có thật. Example: 'Some people have argued that Punt was not on the sea, or a fictitious place altogether,' says Oxford University Egyptologist John Baines.

Lagoon

/ləˈguːn/ (noun) [Coastal lake, pool] - An area of sea water that is separated from the ocean by a reef or sandbank. Đầm phá, hồ nước mặn ven biển. Example: From 2002 they spent several weeks each year examining a dried-up lagoon known in Egypt as Mersa Gawasis...

Hemispherical

/ˌhemɪˈsferɪkl/ (adjective) [Half-spherical, domed] - Shaped like half of a round ball or sphere. Có hình bán cầu, nửa hình cầu. Example: ...and uncovered a hemispherical cave about 5 metres across and 2 metres high.

Remnants

/ˈremnənts/ (noun) [Remains, leftovers, fragments] - A part of something that is left after the rest of it has been used, destroyed, or eaten. Tàn tích, mảnh vụn, đồ sót lại. Example: Over the next few years, they uncovered the hidden remnants of an ancient boat-building and seafaring community.

Seafaring community

/ˈsiːfeərɪŋ kəˈmjuːnəti/ (noun phrase) [Maritime society, naval population] - A group of people living together who regularly travel or work on the sea. Cộng đồng cư dân biển, xã hội hàng hải. Example: Over the next few years, they uncovered the hidden remnants of an ancient boat-building and seafaring community.

Ramps

/ræmps/ (noun) [Slopes, inclines] - Sloped surfaces connecting two levels, used for moving objects or vehicles up and down. Các đoạn dốc, đường dốc nâng hạ. Example: In addition to eight caves, Bard and Fattovich found remains of five mud-brick ramps that might have been used to ease ships into the water.

Conch shells

/bɒntʃ ʃelz/ (noun phrase) [Marine snail shells] - The large, spiral-shaped shells of marine snails, often used as ornaments or instruments. Vỏ ốc xà cừ, vỏ ốc biển lớn. Example: A few hundred metres from the cliffs lie piles of crumbled stone and conch shells - most probable the remains of altars.

Altars

/ˈɔːltəz/ (noun) [Shrines, holy tables] - Holy tables or raised structures used for religious ceremonies or sacrifices. Bàn thờ, bệ thờ cúng. Example: A few hundred metres from the cliffs lie piles of crumbled stone and conch shells - most probable the remains of altars.

Round-trip

/ˌraʊnd ˈtrɪp/ (adjective / noun) [Return journey, two-way journey] - A journey to a place and back again along the same route. Khứ hồi, hành trình cả đi lẫn về. Example: ...how did the Egyptians construct vessels that could make a round-trip voyage of over 3,000 kilometres?

Maritime

/ˈmærɪtaɪm/ (adjective) [Marine, naval, nautical] - Connected with human activity at sea, navigation, or shipping. Thuộc về hàng hải, biển cả. Example: Cheryl Ward, a maritime archaeologist at Coastal Carolina University... has gone some way to answering these questions.

Incense

/ˈɪnsens/ (noun) [Aromatic smoke, joss stick] - A substance that produces a sweet-smelling smoke when it is burned, used in ceremonies. Hương, nhang, trầm hương. Example: ...born out of a necessity to obtain precious materials, such as incense and aromatic resins.

Aromatic resins

/ˌærəˈmætɪk ˈrezɪnz/ (noun phrase) [Scented plant saps, fragrant gums] - Fragrant sticky substances produced by certain trees and plants, used for perfume or medicine. Nhựa cây có mùi thơm (dùng làm hương liệu/dược liệu). Example: ...born out of a necessity to obtain precious materials, such as incense and aromatic resins.Reciprocity /ˌresɪˈprɒsəti/ (noun) [Mutual exchange, mutuality] - A situation in which two people or groups agree to share things or help each other. Sự có qua có lại, nguyên tắc trao đổi song phương. Example: The heart of commerce is an instinctive ability for what anthropologists call reciprocity.

Anthropologists

/ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪsts/ (noun) [Human scientists, ethnologists] - People who study humankind, especially their societies, cultures, and development. Các nhà nhân chủng học. Example: ...the heart of commerce is an instinctive ability for what anthropologists call reciprocity.

Running tally

/ˈrʌnɪŋ ˈtæli/ (noun phrase) [Continuous record, ongoing count] - A continuous, constantly updated record of an amount, score, or series of transactions over time. Bản ghi chép/bảng đếm số lượng liên tục được cập nhật. Example: ...allowing individuals to keep a running tally of their interactions with others.

Debits

/ˈdebɪts/ (noun) [Deficits, financial liabilities, obligations] - Written records of money, goods, or services that are owed to someone else. Khoản nợ, phần ghi nợ. Example: ...as is the ability to keep track of the credits and debits that accrue as a result.

Mental book-keeping

/ˈmentl ˈbʊk kiːpɪŋ/ (noun phrase) [Internal accounting, mental logging] - The practice of tracking and calculating financial or transactional records entirely within one's mind. Việc ghi chép sổ sách kế toán trong đầu. Example: Combine this skill for mental book-keeping with even the most basic material culture, and trade inevitably follows.

Barter economy

/ˈbɑːtər ɪˈkɒnəmi/ (noun phrase) [Trade-by-exchange system, cashless market] - A cashless economic system where goods and services are traded directly for other goods and services. Nền kinh tế hàng đổi hàng. Example: But exchanging tools, food and other essentials of life in a barter economy is a far cry from the shopping mall.

Sways beyond

/sweɪz bɪˈjɒnd/ (verb phrase) [Extends past, reaches further than] - To move, expand, or lean significantly past a certain baseline or standard limit. Vượt xa khỏi, chuyển dịch vượt quá mức. Example: Modern consumerism sways beyond subsistence and utilitarianism to encompass everything...

Subsistence

/səbˈsɪstəns/ (noun) [Survival, livelihood, bare maintenance] - The state of having just enough food, money, or resources to stay alive. Sự sống sót, mức độ đủ để duy trì cuộc sống tối thiểu. Example: Modern consumerism sways beyond subsistence and utilitarianism to encompass everything...

Utilitarianism

/ˌjuːtɪlɪˈteəriənɪzəm/ (noun) [Pragmatism, practical mindset] - The belief that the value of a thing is determined solely by its utility or practical usefulness. Chủ nghĩa thực dụng, xu hướng coi trọng giá trị sử dụng thực tế. Example: Modern consumerism sways beyond subsistence and utilitarianism to encompass everything...

Convertibles

/kənˈvɜːtəblz/ (noun) [Open-top cars, soft-tops] - Cars with roofs that can be folded back or removed completely. Xe mui trần. Example: ...to encompass everything from Gucci handbags and BMW convertibles to valuable paintings.

Quarries

/ˈkwɒriz/ (noun) [Stone mines, open pits] - Large, deep open pits where stone, clay, or other materials are extracted from the ground. Mỏ đá, nơi khai thác đá/đất sét. Example: ...and must have been imported from quarries at least 30 kilometres away...

Pigment

/ˈpɪɡmənt/ (noun) [Colorant, dye, tint] - A natural or chemical substance that gives color to something else. Sắc tố, bột màu pha màu nhuộm. Example: ...and the surfaces of the clay had been scraped in a way that indicates they were used to yield pigment for dyes.

Attention-grabbing

/əˈtenʃn ˈɡræbɪŋ/ (adjective) [Eye-catching, noticeable, striking] - Attracting people's notice or interest in a very direct, powerful way. Thu hút sự chú ý, bắt mắt. Example: ...individuals signal their genetic fitness by showing off with attention-grabbing adornment.

Adornment

/əˈdɔːnmənt/ (noun) [Decoration, ornament, embellishment] - Something that is worn or used to decorate, beautify, and add beauty to a person or thing. Đồ trang sức, vật trang trí (trên cơ thể). Example: ...individuals signal their genetic fitness by showing off with attention-grabbing adornment.

Egalitarian

/ɪˌɡælɪˈteəriən/ (adjective) [Fair, equal, classless] - Based on the belief that everyone is equal and should have the same rights. Bình đẳng, mang tính đồng đều (không phân chia giai cấp). Example: ...also argues that even in egalitarian societies, some people are more successful than others.